react-ui-patterns

# React UI Patterns ## Core Principles 1. **Never show stale UI** - Loading spinners only when actually loading 2. **Always surface errors** - Users must know when something fails 3. **Optimistic updates** - Make the UI feel instant 4. **Progressive disclosure** - Show content as it becomes available 5. **Graceful degradation** - Partial data is better than no data ## Loading State Patterns ### The Golden Rule **Show loading indicator ONLY when there's no data to display.** ```typescript // CORRECT - Only show loading when no data exists const { data, loading, error } = useGetItemsQuery(); if (error) return <ErrorState error={error} onRetry={refetch} />; if (loading && !data) return <LoadingState />; if (!data?.items.length) return <EmptyState />; return <ItemList items={data.items} />; ``` ```typescript // WRONG - Shows spinner even when we have cached data if (loading) return <LoadingState />; // Flashes on refetch! ``` ### Loading State Decision Tree ``` Is there an error? → Yes: Show error state with retry option → No: Continue Is it loading AND we have no data? → Yes: Show loading indicator (spinner/skeleton) → No: Continue Do we have data? → Yes, with items: Show the data → Yes, but empty: Show empty state → No: Show loading (fallback) ``` ### Skeleton vs Spinner | Use Skeleton When | Use Spinner When | |-------------------|------------------| | Known content shape | Unknown content shape | | List/card layouts | Modal actions | | Initial page load | Button submissions | | Content placeholders | Inline operations | ## Error Handling Patterns ### The Error Handling Hierarchy ``` 1. Inline error (field-level) → Form validation errors 2. Toast notification → Recoverable errors, user can retry 3. Error banner → Page-level errors, data still partially usable 4. Full error screen → Unrecoverable, needs user action ``` ### Always Show Errors **CRITICAL: Never swallow errors silently.** ```typescript // CORRECT - Error always surfaced to user const [createItem, { loading }] = useCreateItemMutation({ onCompleted: () => { toast.success({ title: 'Item created' }); }, onError: (error) => { console.error('createItem failed:', error); toast.error({ title: 'Failed to create item' }); }, }); // WRONG - Error silently caught, user has no idea const [createItem] = useCreateItemMutation({ onError: (error) => { console.error(error); // User sees nothing! }, }); ``` ### Error State Component Pattern ```typescript interface ErrorStateProps { error: Error; onRetry?: () => void; title?: string; } const ErrorState = ({ error, onRetry, title }: ErrorStateProps) => ( <div className="error-state"> <Icon name="exclamation-circle" /> <h3>{title ?? 'Something went wrong'}</h3> <p>{error.message}</p> {onRetry && ( <Button onClick={onRetry}>Try Again</Button> )} </div> ); ``` ## Button State Patterns ### Button Loading State ```tsx <Button onClick={handleSubmit} isLoading={isSubmitting} disabled={!isValid || isSubmitting} > Submit </Button> ``` ### Disable During Operations **CRITICAL: Always disable triggers during async operations.** ```tsx // CORRECT - Button disabled while loading <Button disabled={isSubmitting} isLoading={isSubmitting} onClick={handleSubmit} > Submit </Button> // WRONG - User can tap multiple times <Button onClick={handleSubmit}> {isSubmitting ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'} </Button> ``` ## Empty States ### Empty State Requirements Every list/collection MUST have an empty state: ```tsx // WRONG - No empty state return <FlatList data={items} />; // CORRECT - Explicit empty state return ( <FlatList data={items} ListEmptyComponent={<EmptyState />} /> ); ``` ### Contextual Empty States ```tsx // Search with no results <EmptyState icon="search" title="No results found" description="Try different search terms" /> // List with no items yet <EmptyState icon="plus-circle" title="No items yet" description="Create your first item" action={{ label: 'Create Item', onClick: handleCreate }} /> ``` ## Form Submission Pattern ```tsx const MyForm = () => { const [submit, { loading }] = useSubmitMutation({ onCompleted: handleSuccess, onError: handleError, }); const handleSubmit = async () => { if (!isValid) { toast.error({ title: 'Please fix errors' }); return; } await submit({ variables: { input: values } }); }; return ( <form> <Input value={values.name} onChange={handleChange('name')} error={touched.name ? errors.name : undefined} /> <Button type="submit" onClick={handleSubmit} disabled={!isValid || loading} isLoading={loading} > Submit </Button> </form> ); }; ``` ## Anti-Patterns ### Loading States ```typescript // WRONG - Spinner when data exists (causes flash) if (loading) return <Spinner />; // CORRECT - Only show loading without data if (loading && !data) return <Spinner />; ``` ### Error Handling ```typescript // WRONG - Error swallowed try { await mutation(); } catch (e) { console.log(e); // User has no idea! } // CORRECT - Error surfaced onError: (error) => { console.error('operation failed:', error); toast.error({ title: 'Operation failed' }); } ``` ### Button States ```typescript // WRONG - Button not disabled during submission <Button onClick={submit}>Submit</Button> // CORRECT - Disabled and shows loading <Button onClick={submit} disabled={loading} isLoading={loading}> Submit </Button> ``` ## Checklist Before completing any UI component: **UI States:** - [ ] Error state handled and shown to user - [ ] Loading state shown only when no data exists - [ ] Empty state provided for collections - [ ] Buttons disabled during async operations - [ ] Buttons show loading indicator when appropriate **Data & Mutations:** - [ ] Mutations have onError handler - [ ] All user actions have feedback (toast/visual) ## Integration with Other Skills - **graphql-schema**: Use mutation patterns with proper error handling - **testing-patterns**: Test all UI states (loading, error, empty, success) - **formik-patterns**: Apply form submission patterns --- > Converted and distributed by [TomeVault](https://tomevault.io) | [Claim this content](https://tomevault.io/claim/davila7/claude-code-templates) <!-- tomevault:2.0:skill_md:2026-04-05 -->