trpc

Create a vanilla tRPC client with createTRPCClient<AppRouter>(), configure link chain with httpBatchLink/httpLink, dynamic headers for auth, transformer on links (not client constructor). Infer types with inferRouterInputs and inferRouterOutputs. AbortController signal support. TRPCClientError typing.

Configure the tRPC client link chain: httpLink, httpBatchLink, httpBatchStreamLink, splitLink, loggerLink, wsLink, createWSClient, httpSubscriptionLink, unstable_localLink, retryLink. Choose the right terminating link. Route subscriptions via splitLink. Build custom links for SOA routing. Link options: url, headers, transformer, maxURLLength, maxItems, connectionParams, EventSource ponyfill.

Configure SuperJSON transformer on both server initTRPC.create({ transformer: superjson }) and every client terminating link (httpBatchLink, httpLink, wsLink, httpSubscriptionLink) to support Date, Map, Set, BigInt over the wire. Transformer must match on both sides. In v11, transformer goes on individual links, not the client constructor.

Full end-to-end tRPC setup for Next.js App Router. Covers route handler with fetchRequestHandler (GET + POST exports), TRPCProvider with QueryClientProvider, createTRPCOptionsProxy for RSC prefetching, HydrateClient/HydrationBoundary for hydration, useSuspenseQuery for Suspense, and server-side callers.

Set up tRPC in Next.js Pages Router with createNextApiHandler, createTRPCNext, withTRPC HOC, SSR via ssr option and ssrPrepass, SSG via createServerSideHelpers with getStaticProps, and server-side helpers for getServerSideProps prefetching.

Generate OpenAPI 3.1 spec from a tRPC router with @trpc/openapi CLI or programmatic API. Generate typed REST client with @hey-api/openapi-ts and configureTRPCHeyApiClient(). Configure transformers (superjson, EJSON) for generated clients. Alpha status.

Deploy tRPC on AWS Lambda with awsLambdaRequestHandler() from @trpc/server/adapters/aws-lambda for API Gateway v1 (REST, APIGatewayProxyEvent) and v2 (HTTP, APIGatewayProxyEventV2), and Lambda Function URLs. Enable response streaming with awsLambdaStreamingRequestHandler() wrapped in awslambda.streamifyResponse(). CreateAWSLambdaContextOptions provides event and context for context creation.

Mount tRPC as Express middleware with createExpressMiddleware() from @trpc/server/adapters/express. Access Express req/res in createContext via CreateExpressContextOptions. Mount at a path prefix like app.use('/trpc', ...). Avoid global express.json() conflicting with tRPC body parsing for FormData.

Mount tRPC as a Fastify plugin with fastifyTRPCPlugin from @trpc/server/adapters/fastify. Configure prefix, trpcOptions (router, createContext, onError). Enable WebSocket subscriptions with useWSS and @fastify/websocket. Set routerOptions.maxParamLength for batch requests. Requires Fastify v5+. FastifyTRPCPluginOptions for type-safe onError. CreateFastifyContextOptions provides req, res.

Deploy tRPC on WinterCG-compliant edge runtimes with fetchRequestHandler() from @trpc/server/adapters/fetch. Supports Cloudflare Workers, Deno Deploy, Vercel Edge Runtime, Astro, Remix, SolidStart. FetchCreateContextFnOptions provides req (Request) and resHeaders (Headers) for context creation. The endpoint option must match the URL path prefix where the handler is mounted.

Mount tRPC on Node.js built-in HTTP server with createHTTPServer() from @trpc/server/adapters/standalone, createHTTPHandler() for custom http.createServer, createHTTP2Handler() for HTTP/2 with TLS. Configure basePath to slice URL prefix, CORS via the cors npm package passed as middleware option. CreateHTTPContextOptions provides req and res for context creation.

Implement JWT/cookie authentication and authorization in tRPC using createContext for user extraction, t.middleware with opts.next({ ctx }) for context narrowing to non-null user, protectedProcedure base pattern, client-side Authorization headers via httpBatchLink headers(), WebSocket connectionParams, and SSE auth via cookies or EventSource polyfill custom headers.

Set HTTP cache headers on tRPC query responses via responseMeta callback for CDN and browser caching. Configure Cache-Control, s-maxage, stale-while-revalidate. Handle caching with batching and authenticated requests. Avoid caching mutations, errors, and authenticated responses.

Throw typed errors with TRPCError and error codes (NOT_FOUND, UNAUTHORIZED, BAD_REQUEST, INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR), configure errorFormatter for client-side Zod error display, handle errors globally with onError callback, map tRPC errors to HTTP status codes with getHTTPStatusCodeFromError().

Create and compose tRPC middleware with t.procedure.use(), extend context via opts.next({ ctx }), build reusable middleware with .concat() and .unstable_pipe(), define base procedures like publicProcedure and authedProcedure. Access raw input with getRawInput(). Logging, timing, OTEL tracing patterns.

Handle FormData, file uploads, Blob, Uint8Array, and ReadableStream inputs in tRPC mutations. Use octetInputParser from @trpc/server/http for binary data. Route non-JSON requests with splitLink and isNonJsonSerializable() from @trpc/client. FormData and binary inputs only work with mutations (POST).

Initialize tRPC with initTRPC.create(), define routers with t.router(), create procedures with .query()/.mutation()/.subscription(), configure context with createContext(), export AppRouter type, merge routers with t.mergeRouters(), lazy-load routers with lazy().

Call tRPC procedures directly from server code using t.createCallerFactory() and router.createCaller(context) for integration testing, internal server logic, and custom API endpoints. Catch TRPCError and extract HTTP status with getHTTPStatusCodeFromError(). Error handling via onError option.

Break a tRPC backend into multiple services with custom routing links that split on the first path segment (op.path.split('.')) to route to different backend service URLs. Define a faux gateway router that merges service routers for the AppRouter type without running them in the same process. Share procedure and router definitions via a server-lib package with a single initTRPC instance. Each service runs its own standalone/Express/Fastify server.

Set up real-time event streams with async generator subscriptions using .subscription(async function*() { yield }). SSE via httpSubscriptionLink is recommended over WebSocket. Use tracked(id, data) from @trpc/server for reconnection recovery with lastEventId. WebSocket via wsLink and createWSClient from @trpc/client, applyWSSHandler from @trpc/server/adapters/ws. Configure SSE ping with initTRPC.create({ sse: { ping: { enabled, intervalMs } } }). AbortSignal via opts.signal for cleanup. splitLink to route subscriptions.

Entry point for all tRPC skills. Decision tree routing by task: initTRPC.create(), t.router(), t.procedure, createTRPCClient, adapters, subscriptions, React Query, Next.js, links, middleware, validators, error handling, caching, FormData.

Configure input and output validation with .input() and .output() using Zod, Yup, Superstruct, ArkType, Valibot, Effect, or custom validator functions. Chain multiple .input() calls to merge object schemas. Standard Schema protocol support. Output validation returns INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR on failure.

Migrate from @trpc/react-query (classic) to @trpc/tanstack-react-query. Run npx @trpc/upgrade CLI for automated codemod. Manually migrate remaining patterns: hook-based to options-factory, utils.invalidate to queryClient.invalidateQueries with queryFilter, provider changes.

Set up @trpc/tanstack-react-query with createTRPCContext(), TRPCProvider, useTRPC() hook, queryOptions/mutationOptions factories, query invalidation via queryClient.invalidateQueries with queryFilter, and type inference with inferInput/inferOutput.