Parses and analyzes the Windows Amcache.hve registry hive to extract evidence of program execution, application installation, and driver loading for digital forensics investigations. Uses Eric Zimmerman's AmcacheParser and Timeline Explorer for artifact extraction, SHA-1 hash correlation with threat intel, and timeline reconstruction. Activates for requests involving Amcache forensics, program execution evidence, Windows artifact analysis, or application compatibility cache investigation.
Instrucciones de origen · Vista previa de solo lectura
name
analyzing-windows-amcache-artifacts
description
Parses and analyzes the Windows Amcache.hve registry hive to extract evidence of program execution, application installation, and driver loading for digital forensics investigations. Uses Eric Zimmerman's AmcacheParser and Timeline Explorer for artifact extraction, SHA-1 hash correlation with threat intel, and timeline reconstruction. Activates for requests involving Amcache forensics, program execution evidence, Windows artifact analysis, or application compatibility cache investigation.
Determining which programs have existed or executed on a Windows system during incident response
Correlating SHA-1 hashes from Amcache against known malware databases (VirusTotal, CIRCL, MISP)
Building an application installation and execution timeline for forensic investigations
Identifying deleted executables that leave traces in Amcache even after file removal
Investigating insider threats by documenting which portable or unauthorized applications were present
Analyzing driver loading history to detect rootkits or malicious kernel modules
Do not use as sole proof of program execution. Amcache proves file existence and metadata registration, but ShimCache (AppCompatCache) and Prefetch provide stronger execution evidence. Use all three artifacts together for conclusive analysis.
Detection Gaps & Validation
Amcache proves existence, not execution. A populated AssociatedFileEntries row means the binary was registered/inventoried (often by a scheduled scan or installer), not that it ran. Never report execution from Amcache alone.
SHA-1 field pitfall: AmcacheParser exposes the hash with a leading 0000 prefix on some schemas. Strip the leading zeros before VirusTotal/CIRCL lookups or you will get false "unknown" results.
FileKeyLastWriteTimestamp is the Amcache entry write time, not the execution time and not the file's $STANDARD_INFORMATION time. Treat it as "registered around" and corroborate.
Schema drift: Windows 7/8 use Unassociated entries; Windows 10/11 use ProgramId-linked Associated entries and DriverBinaries. Parsing the wrong section silently drops evidence.
Anti-forensics that defeat this analysis: deletion of Amcache.hve plus .LOG1/.LOG2 (recover from VSS/unallocated), LinkDate timestomping in the PE header, and renaming binaries (hash still betrays identity).
How to validate / cross-corroborate: confirm execution with a second source — Prefetch (*.pf run count/timestamps), ShimCache/AppCompatCache, SRUM SRUDB.dat, and Security.evtx EID 4688. Agreement across two artifacts is the standard.
Interpretation false positives: unsigned binaries in \Temp\ may be legitimate updaters; a hash absent from NSRL is "unknown," not "malicious." Escalate on hash reputation + path + timeline, never one signal.
Prerequisites
A forensic image or live triage copy of C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve (and associated .LOG1, .LOG2 transaction logs)
Eric Zimmerman's Timeline Explorer for viewing parsed CSV output
Optionally: Registry Explorer for manual hive inspection
A SHA-1 whitelist of known-good executables (e.g., NSRL hashset) for filtering
.NET 6+ runtime installed (required by current EZ tools)
Write access to an output directory for CSV results
Workflow
Step 1: Acquire the Amcache.hve File
Extract the Amcache hive from a forensic image or live system:
# From a live system (requires elevated privileges and raw copy tool)
# Amcache.hve is locked by the system; use a raw disk copy tool
# Option A: FTK Imager - mount image and navigate to:
# C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve
# Also collect: Amcache.hve.LOG1, Amcache.hve.LOG2
# Option B: Using KAPE for automated triage collection
kape.exe --tsource C: --tdest D:\Evidence\%m --target Amcache
# Option C: From a mounted forensic image (E: = mounted image)
copy "E:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve" D:\Evidence\
copy "E:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve.LOG1" D:\Evidence\
copy "E:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve.LOG2" D:\Evidence\
Always collect the transaction log files (.LOG1, .LOG2) alongside the hive. AmcacheParser replays uncommitted transactions from these logs to recover the most complete data.
Step 2: Parse Amcache with AmcacheParser
Run AmcacheParser against the acquired hive:
# Basic parsing with CSV output
AmcacheParser.exe -f "D:\Evidence\Amcache.hve" --csv "D:\Evidence\Output"
# Parse with a SHA-1 whitelist to exclude known-good entries (NSRL)
AmcacheParser.exe -f "D:\Evidence\Amcache.hve" -w "D:\Whitelists\nsrl_sha1.txt" --csv "D:\Evidence\Output"
# Parse with a SHA-1 inclusion list (only show matches against known-bad hashes)
AmcacheParser.exe -f "D:\Evidence\Amcache.hve" -b "D:\IOCs\malware_sha1.txt" --csv "D:\Evidence\Output"
# Include deleted entries with high-precision timestamps
AmcacheParser.exe -f "D:\Evidence\Amcache.hve" --csv "D:\Evidence\Output" -i --mp
AmcacheParser produces multiple CSV files in the output directory:
Output File
Contents
Amcache_AssociatedFileEntries.csv
File entries with SHA-1 hashes, paths, sizes, and timestamps
Amcache_UnassociatedFileEntries.csv
Orphaned file entries from older Amcache format
Amcache_ProgramEntries.csv
Installed program metadata (name, publisher, version, install date)
Amcache_DeviceContainers.csv
USB and device connection history
Amcache_DevicePnps.csv
Plug-and-Play device driver information
Amcache_DriverBinaries.csv
Loaded driver binaries with paths and hashes
Step 3: Analyze File Entries for Suspicious Programs
Open the AssociatedFileEntries.csv in Timeline Explorer and examine key columns:
Key columns to review:
- ProgramId : Links file to its parent program entry
- SHA1 : Hash for threat intel lookups
- FullPath : Original file location on disk
- FileSize : Size of the executable
- FileKeyLastWriteTimestamp : When the Amcache entry was last updated
- Name : File name
- Publisher : Code signing publisher (blank = unsigned)
- BinProductVersion : Version string from the PE header
- LinkDate : PE compilation timestamp (useful for detecting timestomping)
Filter for suspicious indicators:
# In Timeline Explorer, apply these filters:
# 1. Find unsigned executables (potentially malicious)
Publisher column = (empty)
# 2. Find executables from suspicious paths
FullPath contains: \temp\, \appdata\, \downloads\, \public\, \programdata\
# 3. Find executables with recent timestamps during incident window
FileKeyLastWriteTimestamp between: 2026-03-15 00:00:00 and 2026-03-16 00:00:00
# 4. Find executables with suspicious compilation dates (timestomping)
LinkDate year < 2015 AND FileKeyLastWriteTimestamp year = 2026
Step 4: Correlate SHA-1 Hashes with Threat Intelligence
Extract SHA-1 hashes and check against malware databases:
# Extract unique SHA-1 hashes from the parsed output
# Using PowerShell to extract the SHA1 column
Import-Csv "D:\Evidence\Output\Amcache_AssociatedFileEntries.csv" |
Select-Object -ExpandProperty SHA1 -Unique |
Where-Object { $_ -ne "" } |
Out-File "D:\Evidence\Output\extracted_hashes.txt"
# Check hashes against VirusTotal using vt-cli
foreach ($hash in Get-Content "D:\Evidence\Output\extracted_hashes.txt") {
vt file $hash --format json | Select-Object -Property meaningful_name, last_analysis_stats
}
# Check hashes against CIRCL hashlookup
foreach ($hash in Get-Content "D:\Evidence\Output\extracted_hashes.txt") {
Invoke-RestMethod -Uri "https://hashlookup.circl.lu/lookup/sha1/$hash"
}
# Cross-reference with NSRL to identify known-good vs. unknown
# Unknown hashes that are not in NSRL warrant closer investigation
Step 5: Analyze Program Entries for Unauthorized Installations
Review the ProgramEntries.csv for software the attacker may have installed:
Key columns in ProgramEntries:
- ProgramName : Display name of installed application
- ProgramVersion : Version string
- Publisher : Software publisher
- InstallDate : When the program was installed
- Source : Installation source (msi, exe, etc.)
- UninstallKey : Registry uninstall path
- PathsList : Installation directories
Step 6: Analyze Driver Binaries for Rootkit Evidence
Review the DriverBinaries.csv for suspicious loaded drivers:
Key columns in DriverBinaries:
- DriverName : Name of the driver
- DriverInBox : Whether it shipped with Windows (false = third-party)
- DriverSigned : Whether the driver has a valid signature
- DriverTimeStamp : Compilation timestamp
- Product : Product associated with the driver
- ProductVersion : Driver version
- SHA1 : Hash of the driver binary
Filter for DriverInBox = false and DriverSigned = false to find unsigned third-party drivers that may be rootkits or vulnerable drivers used in BYOVD (Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver) attacks.
Step 7: Build a Timeline from Amcache Data
Combine Amcache data with other artifacts for a comprehensive timeline:
# Merge Amcache CSV with other EZ Tools output using Timeline Explorer
# Load the following CSVs into Timeline Explorer:
# - Amcache_AssociatedFileEntries.csv (file evidence)
# - Amcache_ProgramEntries.csv (install evidence)
# - Prefetch output from PECmd.exe (execution evidence)
# - ShimCache output from AppCompatCacheParser.exe (execution evidence)
# Sort all entries by timestamp to reconstruct the attack sequence
# Timeline Explorer supports multi-file loading and column-based sorting
# Export the combined timeline
# File > Save to CSV > combined_timeline.csv
Key Concepts
Term
Definition
Amcache.hve
A Windows registry hive at C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve that stores metadata about applications, files, and drivers for application compatibility purposes
Associated File Entry
An Amcache record linked to a specific program installation, containing file path, size, hash, and timestamps
Unassociated File Entry
An orphaned Amcache record from an older format that is not linked to a program entry; common on Windows 7/8 systems
Program Entry
Amcache record containing installation metadata: program name, version, publisher, install date, and uninstall key
SHA-1 Hash
Cryptographic hash stored in Amcache for each registered file, enabling malware identification through threat intelligence lookups
LinkDate
The PE compilation timestamp embedded in the executable header; discrepancy with file system timestamps may indicate timestomping
Transaction Logs
.LOG1 and .LOG2 files containing uncommitted registry transactions that AmcacheParser replays for complete data recovery
NSRL (National Software Reference Library)
NIST-maintained database of SHA-1 hashes for known commercial software, used as a whitelist to filter benign entries
Verification
Amcache.hve and transaction logs (LOG1, LOG2) were collected from the forensic image
AmcacheParser produced all expected CSV output files without errors
SHA-1 hashes were extracted and checked against VirusTotal or CIRCL hashlookup
Unsigned executables in suspicious paths have been flagged for further analysis
Program entries show all software installations within the incident window
Driver binaries have been checked for unsigned or out-of-box entries
LinkDate vs. FileKeyLastWriteTimestamp comparison has been performed to detect timestomping
Amcache findings are correlated with Prefetch and ShimCache for execution confirmation
Final timeline integrates Amcache data with other forensic artifacts
