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name database-migration description Master database schema and data migrations across ORMs (Sequelize, TypeORM, Prisma), including rollback strategies and zero-downtime deployments. type skill created 2026-02-27T00:00:00.000Z domain software-development category database risk unknown source community tags ["skill","software-development","database","migration"]
Database Migration
Master database schema and data migrations across ORMs (Sequelize, TypeORM, Prisma), including rollback strategies and zero-downtime deployments.
Do not use this skill when
The task is unrelated to database migration
You need a different domain or tool outside this scope
Instructions
Clarify goals, constraints, and required inputs.
Apply relevant best practices and validate outcomes.
Provide actionable steps and verification.
If detailed examples are required, open resources/implementation-playbook.md.
Use this skill when
Migrating between different ORMs
Performing schema transformations
Moving data between databases
Implementing rollback procedures
Zero-downtime deployments
Database version upgrades
Data model refactoring
ORM Migrations
Sequelize Migrations
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.createTable ('users' , {
id : {
type : Sequelize .INTEGER ,
primaryKey : true ,
autoIncrement : true
},
email : {
type : Sequelize .STRING ,
unique : true ,
allowNull : false
},
createdAt : Sequelize .DATE ,
updatedAt : Sequelize .DATE
down
async
Sequelize
await
dropTable
'users'
TypeORM Migrations
import { MigrationInterface , QueryRunner , Table } from 'typeorm' ;
export class CreateUsers1701234567 implements MigrationInterface {
public async up (queryRunner : QueryRunner ): Promise <void > {
await queryRunner.createTable (
new Table ({
name : 'users' ,
columns : [
{
name : 'id' ,
type : 'int' ,
isPrimary : true ,
isGenerated : true ,
generationStrategy : 'increment'
},
{
name : 'email' ,
type : 'varchar' ,
isUnique : true
},
{
name : 'created_at' ,
type : 'timestamp' ,
default : 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'
}
]
})
);
}
public async down (queryRunner : QueryRunner ): Promise <void > {
await queryRunner.dropTable ('users' );
}
}
Prisma Migrations // schema.prisma
model User {
id Int @id @default(autoincrement())
email String @unique
createdAt DateTime @default(now())
}
// Generate migration: npx prisma migrate dev --name create_users
// Apply: npx prisma migrate deploy
Schema Transformations
Adding Columns with Defaults
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'status' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING ,
defaultValue : 'active' ,
allowNull : false
});
},
down : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'status' );
}
};
Renaming Columns (Zero Downtime)
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'full_name' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
'UPDATE users SET full_name = name'
);
},
down : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'full_name' );
}
};
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'name' );
},
down : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'name' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
}
};
Changing Column Types module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'age_new' , {
type : Sequelize .INTEGER
});
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (`
UPDATE users
SET age_new = CAST(age AS INTEGER)
WHERE age IS NOT NULL
` );
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'age' );
await queryInterface.renameColumn ('users' , 'age_new' , 'age' );
},
down : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.changeColumn ('users' , 'age' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
}
};
Data Transformations
Complex Data Migration module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
const [users] = await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
'SELECT id, address_string FROM users'
);
for (const user of users) {
const addressParts = user.address_string .split (',' );
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
`UPDATE users
SET street = :street,
city = :city,
state = :state
WHERE id = :id` ,
{
replacements : {
id : user.id ,
street : addressParts[0 ]?.trim (),
city : addressParts[1 ]?.trim (),
state : addressParts[2 ]?.trim ()
}
}
);
}
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'address_string' );
},
down : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'address_string' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (`
UPDATE users
SET address_string = CONCAT(street, ', ', city, ', ', state)
` );
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'street' );
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'city' );
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'state' );
}
};
Rollback Strategies
Transaction-Based Migrations module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
const transaction = await queryInterface.sequelize .transaction ();
try {
await queryInterface.addColumn (
'users' ,
'verified' ,
{ type : Sequelize .BOOLEAN , defaultValue : false },
{ transaction }
);
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
'UPDATE users SET verified = true WHERE email_verified_at IS NOT NULL' ,
{ transaction }
);
await transaction.commit ();
} catch (error) {
await transaction.rollback ();
throw error;
}
},
down : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'verified' );
}
};
Checkpoint-Based Rollback module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
'CREATE TABLE users_backup AS SELECT * FROM users'
);
try {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'new_field' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
const [result] = await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users WHERE new_field IS NULL"
);
if (result[0 ].count > 0 ) {
throw new Error ('Migration verification failed' );
}
await queryInterface.dropTable ('users_backup' );
} catch (error) {
await queryInterface.sequelize .query ('DROP TABLE users' );
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (
'CREATE TABLE users AS SELECT * FROM users_backup'
);
await queryInterface.dropTable ('users_backup' );
throw error;
}
}
};
Zero-Downtime Migrations
Blue-Green Deployment Strategy
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
await queryInterface.addColumn ('users' , 'email_new' , {
type : Sequelize .STRING
});
}
};
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.sequelize .query (`
UPDATE users
SET email_new = email
WHERE email_new IS NULL
` );
}
};
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface) => {
await queryInterface.removeColumn ('users' , 'email' );
}
};
Cross-Database Migrations
PostgreSQL to MySQL
module .exports = {
up : async (queryInterface, Sequelize ) => {
const dialectName = queryInterface.sequelize .getDialect ();
if (dialectName === 'mysql' ) {
await queryInterface.createTable ('users' , {
id : {
type : Sequelize .INTEGER ,
primaryKey : true ,
autoIncrement : true
},
data : {
type : Sequelize .JSON
}
});
} else if (dialectName === 'postgres' ) {
await queryInterface.createTable ('users' , {
id : {
type : Sequelize .INTEGER ,
primaryKey : true ,
autoIncrement : true
},
data : {
type : Sequelize .JSONB
}
});
}
}
};
Resources
references/orm-switching.md : ORM migration guidesreferences/schema-migration.md : Schema transformation patternsreferences/data-transformation.md : Data migration scriptsreferences/rollback-strategies.md : Rollback proceduresassets/schema-migration-template.sql : SQL migration templatesassets/data-migration-script.py : Data migration utilitiesscripts/test-migration.sh : Migration testing script
Best Practices
Always Provide Rollback : Every up() needs a down()Test Migrations : Test on staging firstUse Transactions : Atomic migrations when possibleBackup First : Always backup before migrationSmall Changes : Break into small, incremental stepsMonitor : Watch for errors during deploymentDocument : Explain why and howIdempotent : Migrations should be rerunnable
Common Pitfalls
Not testing rollback procedures
Making breaking changes without downtime strategy
Forgetting to handle NULL values
Not considering index performance
Ignoring foreign key constraints
Migrating too much data at once
Connections
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