security

name	security
description	Secure coding practices for agent-native apps: input validation, SQL injection, XSS, secrets, data scoping, and auth. Use when writing any action, route, or component that touches user data or external input.
scope	dev
metadata	{"internal":true}

Security

Rule

Use the framework's security primitives everywhere. Never bypass them.

Absolute Secrets Rule

Never hardcode secret values or real private data. This applies to source code, docs, tests, fixtures, generated prompts, screenshots, seed data, and extension HTML just as much as production code.

Do not paste or invent real-looking API keys, bearer tokens, OAuth refresh tokens, webhook URLs, signing secrets, private Builder/internal data, or customer data into the repo. Examples must use obvious placeholders such as <OPENAI_API_KEY>, ${keys.SLACK_WEBHOOK}, sk-test-example, or [e-mail]. Test literals should be clearly fake and must not match real provider token formats when an example token will do.

Credential values enter the system only through approved runtime channels: deployment env vars for deploy-level secrets, the encrypted app_secrets vault or saveCredential / resolveCredential for user/org/workspace API keys, and oauth_tokens for OAuth. Code and instructions may name the credential key (OPENAI_API_KEY), but must never contain the credential value.

Input Validation

Use defineAction with a Zod schema: for every action. The framework validates input automatically and returns clear 400 errors for HTTP callers and structured error results for agent tool calls.

export default defineAction({
  schema: z.object({
    email: z.string().email(),
    role: z.enum(["admin", "member"]),
    limit: z.coerce.number().int().min(1).max(100).default(25),
  }),
  run: async (args) => { /* args is fully typed and validated */ },
});

The legacy parameters: field (plain JSON Schema) has no runtime validation — do not use it for new code.

Large Payloads

Do not accept or persist unbounded base64/file blobs through actions, SQL writes, or application_state. Route uploads through the file-upload provider and store references. This prevents database bloat, slow hot paths, and accidental secret or customer-data embedding inside binary payloads.

SQL Injection

Never concatenate user input into SQL strings. Use Drizzle ORM's query builder (always safe) or parameterized queries:

// Safe — Drizzle ORM
await db.select().from(users).where(eq(users.email, args.email));

// Safe — parameterized raw SQL
await client.execute({ sql: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", args: [id] });

// NEVER do this
await client.execute(`SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = '${id}'`);

XSS

• React auto-escapes JSX content — trust it.
• Never use dangerouslySetInnerHTML, innerHTML, eval(), or document.write() with user-controlled content.
• For rich text editing, use TipTap (framework dependency).
• For rendering markdown, use react-markdown.

SSRF

Any server-side fetch of a user- or agent-controlled URL must go through the framework SSRF guard — a bare fetch() can be steered at cloud metadata (169.254.169.254), localhost, or internal services.

import { ssrfSafeFetch } from "@agent-native/core/extensions/url-safety";
// Blocks private/internal targets, re-checks the resolved IP at connect time
// (DNS rebinding), and re-validates every redirect hop.
const res = await ssrfSafeFetch(userProvidedUrl, {}, { maxRedirects: 3 });

For a pre-flight-only check (e.g. before a streaming or one-shot fetch), use isBlockedExtensionUrlWithDns(url) plus createSsrfSafeDispatcher() from the same module, and set redirect: "manual". Never let the default fetch follow redirects for an untrusted URL — a public URL can 30x into the private network.

Secrets

• OAuth tokens go in the oauth_tokens store via saveOAuthTokens().
• Per-user / per-org API keys go through saveCredential / resolveCredential (@agent-native/core/credentials) or the app_secrets vault. Both encrypt values at rest with AES-256-GCM (keyed by SECRETS_ENCRYPTION_KEY, falling back to BETTER_AUTH_SECRET; production refuses to start without one).
• Never hand-roll secrets into settings, application_state, source code, or action responses sent to the client. The credential / vault APIs above are the only sanctioned stores.
• Never commit real keys, tokens, webhook URLs, signing secrets, or private Builder/customer data in examples or fixtures. Use placeholders that cannot be mistaken for working credentials.

User Credentials Are Per-User Data — Never process.env

User credentials (API keys, third-party tokens) are per-user (or per-org) data. They MUST live in SQL, scoped per-user (u:<email>:credential:KEY) or per-org (o:<orgId>:credential:KEY). Always read with the request context:

import { resolveCredential } from "@agent-native/core/credentials";
const apiKey = await resolveCredential("OPENAI_API_KEY", { userEmail, orgId });

Values are encrypted at rest (AES-256-GCM, shared secrets/crypto.ts): saveCredential encrypts on write and resolveCredential decrypts on read, with a transparent fallback for legacy plaintext rows. The agent's raw db-query / db-exec tools also cannot read credential rows — they are excluded from the scoped settings view. To encrypt pre-existing rows in place, run pnpm action db-migrate-encrypt-credentials (idempotent, non-destructive; needs the same SECRETS_ENCRYPTION_KEY / BETTER_AUTH_SECRET as the app).

On 2026-04-29 the previous one-arg resolveCredential(key) form fell back to process.env[key] and an unscoped global settings row, so every signed-in user inherited the deployment's credentials. Two guards now block this in CI (pnpm prep):

• scripts/guard-no-env-credentials.mjs — bans process.env.<KEY> reads in packages/core/src/credentials/, secrets/, vault/, and templates/*/server/{lib,routes/api}/credential* paths, except for an explicit allowlist of deploy-level vars (DATABASE_URL, BETTER_AUTH_SECRET, NETLIFY_*, etc.). Per-line opt-out: // guard:allow-env-credential — <reason>.
• scripts/guard-no-unscoped-credentials.mjs — bans one-arg calls to resolveCredential / hasCredential / saveCredential / deleteCredential. Per-line opt-out: // guard:allow-unscoped-credential — <reason>.

If a deploy-level value genuinely needs an env var (CI-set token, host secret), it's not a user credential — keep it out of the credentials/ secrets/ vault/ paths and the env-credentials guard won't see it.

Guards

Two more CI guards (also wired into pnpm prep) target the 2026-04 cross-tenant leak class — request-state escaping into shared process state, and dev-mode sentinel identities used as production fallbacks.

• scripts/guard-no-env-mutation.mjs — bans process.env.<KEY> = … (and bracket / compound forms) anywhere in production code. On serverless, every warm container handles many concurrent requests in one Node process, so process.env mutation leaks across in-flight requests (the "restore" line at the end of a handler races and never helps — most recently the Zoom webhook). Use runWithRequestContext({ userEmail, orgId, timezone }, fn) from @agent-native/core/server instead — it's AsyncLocalStorage-backed and per-request safe. Allowlisted paths: scripts/, *.spec.ts / *.test.ts, packages/core/src/dev**, templates/*/test/, anything under /cli/ or /scaffold/. Per-line opt-out: process.env.X = y // guard:allow-env-mutation — <reason>.

• scripts/guard-no-localhost-fallback.mjs — bans the literal "local@localhost" / 'local@localhost' / `local@localhost` in production code. The bug class: getRequestUserEmail() ?? "local@localhost" silently pools every unauthenticated request into a single shared tenant, leaking credentials, tools, and application_state rows between accounts. The right behavior is to throw / 401 when there's no session. Allowlisted paths: the dev-mode auth shim (packages/core/src/server/auth.ts), packages/core/src/dev**, tests, scripts/, seed/ / seeds/, plus a few framework helpers that intentionally inspect or migrate the dev identity. SQL DDL DEFAULT 'local@localhost' and the Drizzle helper .default('local@localhost') are skipped per-line — schema column defaults are intentional dev fixtures, not the dangerous fallback pattern. Per-line opt-out: email ?? "local@localhost" // guard:allow-localhost-fallback — <reason>.

  The same guard also bans the ambient process identity as a request-scoped fallback: ?? process.env.AGENT_USER_EMAIL, || process.env.WORKSPACE_OWNER_EMAIL, and ?? getAmbientUserEmail(). Those name the identity of the deployment, not the caller, so a handler reading one authorizes whoever the deploy env names rather than whoever signed in — it fails open toward more privilege. Exempt paths are the ones with no request by construction: (including ), , , / , tests, and seeds. It deliberately matches only the / fallback position, so reading the same env var to build an admin allowlist () is untouched. Known gaps, both requiring dataflow analysis the guard does not do: an env read aliased through a local () and a destructured .

Auth

• All actions are protected by the auth guard automatically.
• Prefer actions for normal app data. Do not hand-write /api/* routes for CRUD, data queries, or action re-exports just to add auth; action endpoints already get auth and request context.
• If you must create custom /api/ routes, always call getSession(event) and reject requests without a session:

import { getSession } from "@agent-native/core/server";

export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
  const session = await getSession(event);
  if (!session) throw createError({ statusCode: 401 });
  // ...
});

• Never create unprotected routes that modify data.

Exception — the SSR HTML/.data catch-all is deliberately session-blind. The rule above is for routes that read or mutate user data. The SSR page render and React Router .data route are different: they serve one impersonal, public-cacheable shell to every visitor by design, and loaders on that path render no user data. Do not "fix" this by adding getSession, private, or no-store to it — that regresses the CDN cache contract for the whole site. Data scoping lives in actions and API routes; the client gates private UI after the shell loads. See the authentication skill and guard:ssr-cache-shell / ssr-handler.spec.ts.

Authorization beyond "is there a session" — authorize. The auth guard only proves someone is signed in. To restrict an operation to some teammates, set authorize on the defineAction. It wraps run, so it applies at every dispatch site (agent tool, HTTP, frontend, MCP, A2A, CLI) — unlike needsApproval, which is honored by the agent loop and MCP 2026 hosts that support elicitation, but is not an authorization boundary for every dispatch site.

import { coachAccess } from "../lib/access.js"; // defineAppRoles(...)

export default defineAction({
  description: "Archive a client roster.",
  schema: z.object({ id: z.string() }),
  authorize: coachAccess.requireAny("coach-admin"),
  run: async (args) => {
    /* ... */
  },
});

A guard that throws denies with its own message; returning false denies generically; anything else (including undefined) allows. Guarded actions need a user identity — an unattended CLI/cron caller with no user email is denied.

authorize is not a substitute for accessFilter / assertAccess. It decides whether this caller may perform the operation at all; accessFilter / assertAccess scope which rows a permitted caller may see or touch. A restricted write action needs both. See the authentication skill for defineAppRoles and the actions skill for the full surface.

Human-in-the-Loop Approval for High-Consequence Actions

For a small set of outward-facing, hard-to-undo operations — sending an email, charging a card, deleting an account, posting publicly — auth and access control are necessary but not sufficient: you also do not want the agent to perform them autonomously. Set needsApproval on the defineAction so the agent cannot run the action without a human approving the specific call.

export default defineAction({
  description: "Send an email via Gmail.",
  schema: z.object({ to: z.string(), subject: z.string(), body: z.string() }),
  needsApproval: true, // or (args, ctx) => boolean | Promise<boolean>
  run: async (args) => {
    /* ...actually send... */
  },
});

When the gate is truthy and the call is not yet approved, the agent loop emits an approval_required event and stops the turn — run() never executes. The human approves via the chat UI's Approve affordance, which re-issues the turn with the call's stable approvalKey; only then does the action run. MCP 2026 hosts receive an input_required approval request bound to the exact caller, action, and arguments. The signed response state is backed by a durable, single-use grant, so denial, expiry, replay, missing host support, or invalid state fails closed before run(). A predicate gates conditionally (e.g. only external recipients) and fails closed — a throw is treated as "approval required".

Rules:

• Reach for needsApproval only for genuinely high-consequence operations. The default is off, and the framework intentionally keeps approvals rare — over-gating turns the agent into a click-through wizard. The canonical (and intentionally lone) framework example is Mail's send-email.
• needsApproval is not a substitute for accessFilter / assertAccess or for hiding sensitive operations from the model with agentTool: false / toolCallable: false. It is the layer for "a human must explicitly bless this specific outward-facing call," not for scoping data. See the actions skill for the full surface.

Custom HTTP Routes Must Apply Access Control Themselves

This is the single most-failed rule in the codebase. Auto-mounted action routes (/_agent-native/actions/...) get a request context wired up automatically. Hand-written /api/* Nitro routes do not. If your handler queries an ownable resource (any table with ...ownableColumns()), you MUST:

1. Read the session: const session = await getSession(event).catch(() => null).
2. Run the work inside runWithRequestContext({ userEmail: session?.email, orgId: session?.orgId }, fn) from @agent-native/core/server.
3. Inside fn, query through one of:
   • accessFilter(table, sharesTable) in the WHERE clause for list/read-many.
   • resolveAccess("<type>", id) for read-by-id (returns null if no access — return 404, not 403, so existence isn't leaked).
   • assertAccess("<type>", id, "viewer"|"editor"|"admin") for write/delete-by-id.

// Bad — Brent's signup leaked every other user's decks because of this exact shape.
export default defineEventHandler(async () => {
  const db = getDb();
  return db.select().from(schema.decks); // no access filter!
});

// Good
import { getSession, runWithRequestContext } from "@agent-native/core/server";
import { accessFilter } from "@agent-native/core/sharing";
export default defineEventHandler(async (event) => {
  const session = await getSession(event).catch(() => null);
  return runWithRequestContext(
    { userEmail: session?.email, orgId: session?.orgId },
    async () => {
      const db = getDb();
      return db
        .select()
        .from(schema.decks)
        .where(accessFilter(schema.decks, schema.deckShares));
    },
  );
});

scripts/guard-no-unscoped-queries.mjs runs in pnpm prep and fails the build if any file in templates/*/server/, templates/*/actions/, or packages/*/src/ queries an ownable table without one of the access helpers. Last-resort opt-out is the marker comment // guard:allow-unscoped — <reason> — only use it for cases like the sharing primitives themselves or share-token-public viewer endpoints, and always include a reviewer-readable reason.

Data Scoping

In production, the framework automatically restricts all agent SQL queries to the current user's data using temporary views. This is enforced at the SQL level — the agent cannot bypass it.

The db-query / db-exec tools (and the extension SQL bridge, which shares the same path) reject schema-qualified table references like public.<table> or main.<table> — a qualified name resolves to the base table and would skip the temp view. Use bare table names; scoping is applied automatically.

Per-User Scoping (owner_email)

Every template table with user data must have an owner_email text column:

1. Framework detects owner_email via schema introspection
2. Creates temp views WHERE owner_email = <current user> before each query
3. Auto-injects owner_email into INSERT statements

The current user is resolved from AGENT_USER_EMAIL (set automatically from the session).

Per-Org Scoping (org_id)

For multi-org apps, tables also need org_id:

1. WHERE org_id = <current org> is added (in addition to owner_email if present)
2. org_id is auto-injected into INSERT statements

Enable org scoping in the agent-chat plugin:

createAgentChatPlugin({
  resolveOrgId: async (event) => {
    const ctx = await getOrgContext(event);
    return ctx.orgId;
  },
});

Column Conventions

Column	Purpose	Required
owner_email	Per-user data isolation	Yes, for all user-facing tables
org_id	Per-org data isolation	Yes, for multi-org apps

Run pnpm action db-check-scoping to verify. Use --require-org for multi-org apps.

Checklist

• New action uses defineAction with a Zod schema:
• No SQL string concatenation with user input
• No dangerouslySetInnerHTML with user content
• Server-side fetches of user/agent URLs use ssrfSafeFetch, not bare fetch
• Secrets stored via saveCredential / the vault (encrypted), never raw in settings or responses
• No hardcoded API keys, tokens, webhook URLs, signing secrets, real credential-looking strings, private Builder/internal data, or customer data
• New env vars in .env only, not committed
• New user-data tables have owner_email column
• Custom routes call getSession and reject unauthenticated requests
• Actions only some teammates may run set authorize (in addition to any accessFilter / assertAccess row scoping)

Related Skills

• storing-data — SQL patterns and the agent's db tools
• actions — defineAction with Zod schema validation
• authentication — Auth modes, sessions, and org context