performance-optimization

name	performance-optimization
description	Use when a measured regression, explicit performance target, or profiler evidence identifies work to optimize.

Performance Optimization

When to Use

• Performance requirements exist in the spec (load time budgets, response time SLAs)
• Users or monitoring report slow behavior
• Core Web Vitals scores are below thresholds
• You suspect a change introduced a regression
• Building features that handle large datasets or high traffic

When NOT to use: Don't optimize before you have evidence of a problem.

Core Web Vitals Targets

Metric	Good	Needs Improvement	Poor
LCP (Largest Contentful Paint)	≤ 2.5s	≤ 4.0s	> 4.0s
INP (Interaction to Next Paint)	≤ 200ms	≤ 500ms	> 500ms
CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift)	≤ 0.1	≤ 0.25	> 0.25

The Optimization Workflow

1. MEASURE  → Establish baseline with real data
2. IDENTIFY → Find the actual bottleneck (not assumed)
3. FIX      → Address the specific bottleneck
4. VERIFY   → Measure again, confirm improvement
5. GUARD    → Add monitoring or tests to prevent regression

Step 1: Measure

Frontend:

# Lighthouse in Chrome DevTools (or CI)
# Chrome DevTools → Performance tab → Record
# Chrome DevTools MCP → Performance trace

# Web Vitals library in code
import { onLCP, onINP, onCLS } from 'web-vitals';

onLCP(console.log);
onINP(console.log);
onCLS(console.log);

Backend:

# Response time logging
# Application Performance Monitoring (APM)
# Database query logging with timing

# Simple timing
console.time('db-query');
const result = await db.query(...);
console.timeEnd('db-query');

Where to Start Measuring

Use the symptom to decide what to measure first:

What is slow?
├── First page load
│   ├── Large bundle? --> Measure bundle size, check code splitting
│   ├── Slow server response? --> Measure TTFB, check API/database
│   └── Render-blocking resources? --> Check network waterfall for CSS/JS blocking
├── Interaction feels sluggish
│   ├── UI freezes on click? --> Profile main thread, look for long tasks (>50ms)
│   ├── Form input lag? --> Check re-renders, controlled component overhead
│   └── Animation jank? --> Check layout thrashing, forced reflows
├── Page after navigation
│   ├── Data loading? --> Measure API response times, check for waterfalls
│   └── Client rendering? --> Profile component render time, check for N+1 fetches
└── Backend / API
    ├── Single endpoint slow? --> Profile database queries, check indexes
    ├── All endpoints slow? --> Check connection pool, memory, CPU
    └── Intermittent slowness? --> Check for lock contention, GC pauses, external deps

Step 2: Identify the Bottleneck

Common bottlenecks by category:

Frontend:

Symptom	Likely Cause	Investigation
Slow LCP	Large images, render-blocking resources, slow server	Check network waterfall, image sizes
High CLS	Images without dimensions, late-loading content, font shifts	Check layout shift attribution
Poor INP	Heavy JavaScript on main thread, large DOM updates	Check long tasks in Performance trace
Slow initial load	Large bundle, many network requests	Check bundle size, code splitting

Backend:

Symptom	Likely Cause	Investigation
Slow API responses	N+1 queries, missing indexes, unoptimized queries	Check database query log
Memory growth	Leaked references, unbounded caches, large payloads	Heap snapshot analysis
CPU spikes	Synchronous heavy computation, regex backtracking	CPU profiling
High latency	Missing caching, redundant computation, network hops	Trace requests through the stack

Step 3: Fix Common Anti-Patterns

N+1 Queries (Backend)

// BAD: N+1 — one query per task for the owner
const tasks = await db.tasks.findMany();
for (const task of tasks) {
  task.owner = await db.users.findUnique({ where: { id: task.ownerId } });
}

// GOOD: Single query with join/include
const tasks = await db.tasks.findMany({
  include: { owner: true },
});

Unbounded Data Fetching

// BAD: Fetching all records
const allTasks = await db.tasks.findMany();

// GOOD: Paginated with limits
const tasks = await db.tasks.findMany({
  take: 20,
  skip: (page - 1) * 20,
  orderBy: { createdAt: 'desc' },
});

Missing Image Optimization (Frontend)

<!-- BAD: No dimensions, no lazy loading, no responsive sizes -->
<img src="/hero.jpg" />

<!-- GOOD: Responsive, lazy-loaded, properly sized -->
<img
  src="/hero.jpg"
  srcset="/hero-400.webp 400w, /hero-800.webp 800w, /hero-1200.webp 1200w"
  sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 50vw"
  width="1200"
  height="600"
  loading="lazy"
  alt="Hero image description"
/>

Async Waterfalls (highest-impact server/client fix)

// BAD: sequential awaits for independent data
const user = await fetchUser(id);
const orders = await fetchOrders(id);

// GOOD: parallelize independent operations
const [user, orders] = await Promise.all([fetchUser(id), fetchOrders(id)]);

• Check cheap synchronous conditions (auth, feature flags, validation) before awaiting anything.
• In API routes: start requests early, await late — kick off promises up front, await at the point of use.
• Dedup repeated per-request reads on the server (React.cache() in RSC); hoist static I/O out of request handlers.

Unnecessary Re-renders (React)

// BAD: Creates new object on every render, causing children to re-render
function TaskList() {
  return <TaskFilters options={{ sortBy: 'date', order: 'desc' }} />;
}

// GOOD: Stable reference
const DEFAULT_OPTIONS = { sortBy: 'date', order: 'desc' } as const;
function TaskList() {
  return <TaskFilters options={DEFAULT_OPTIONS} />;
}

// Use React.memo for expensive components
const TaskItem = React.memo(function TaskItem({ task }: Props) {
  return <div>{/* expensive render */}</div>;
});

// Use useMemo for expensive computations
function TaskStats({ tasks }: Props) {
  const stats = useMemo(() => (tasks), [tasks]);
   ;
}

Further re-render and rendering rules:

• Never define a component inside another component — it's a new type every render, remounting the whole subtree.
• Derive state during render instead of syncing it in effects; use functional setState when next state depends on previous.
• useDeferredValue for expensive UI derived from fast-changing input; passive listeners for scroll/touch.
• Long lists: content-visibility: auto or virtualization; hoist static JSX and RegExp out of render paths and loops; use Map for O(1) lookups in hot paths.

Large Bundle Size

// BAD: Importing entire library
import { format } from 'date-fns';

// GOOD: Tree-shakable import (if the library supports it)
import { format } from 'date-fns/format';

// GOOD: Dynamic import for heavy, rarely-used features
const ChartLibrary = lazy(() => import('./ChartLibrary'));

• No barrel imports — import from concrete module paths so bundlers can tree-shake and analyze statically.
• Defer third-party scripts (analytics, widgets) so they never block first paint.

Missing Caching (Backend)

// Cache frequently-read, rarely-changed data
const CACHE_TTL = 5 * 60 * 1000; // 5 minutes
let cachedConfig: AppConfig | null = null;
let cacheExpiry = 0;

async function getAppConfig(): Promise<AppConfig> {
  if (cachedConfig && Date.now() < cacheExpiry) {
    return cachedConfig;
  }
  cachedConfig = await db.config.findFirst();
  cacheExpiry = Date.now() + CACHE_TTL;
  return cachedConfig;
}

// HTTP caching headers for static assets
app.use('/static', express.static('public', {
  maxAge: '1y',           // Cache for 1 year
  immutable: true,        // Never revalidate (use content hashing in filenames)
}));

// Cache-Control for API responses
res.set('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=300'); // 5 minutes

Performance Budget

Set budgets and enforce them:

JavaScript bundle: < 200KB gzipped (initial load)
CSS: < 50KB gzipped
Images: < 200KB per image (above the fold)
Fonts: < 100KB total
API response time: < 200ms (p95)
Time to Interactive: < 3.5s on 4G
Lighthouse Performance score: ≥ 90

Enforce in CI:

# Bundle size check
npx bundlesize --config bundlesize.config.json

# Lighthouse CI
npx lhci autorun

Verification

After any performance-related change:

• Before and after measurements exist (specific numbers)
• The specific bottleneck is identified and addressed
• Core Web Vitals are within "Good" thresholds
• Bundle size hasn't increased significantly
• No N+1 queries in new data fetching code
• Performance budget passes in CI (if configured)
• Existing tests still pass (optimization didn't break behavior)