| name | data-visualization |
| description | Story-intent chart selection, color theory, annotation patterns, decluttering rules, and the "title = insight" principle for data-driven visuals |
| tier | standard |
| applyTo | **/*chart*,**/*visual*,**/*plot*,**/*graph*,**/*dashboard* |
| currency | 2026-04-22T00:00:00.000Z |
Skill: Data Visualization
Choose the right chart for the story, not just the data shape. Every chart should make an argument.
Metadata
| Field | Value |
|---|
| Skill ID | data-visualization |
| Version | 1.0.0 |
| Category | Data Analytics |
| Difficulty | Intermediate |
| Prerequisites | None |
| Related Skills | data-analysis, dashboard-design, data-storytelling, chart-interpretation, executive-storytelling, slide-design, graphic-design |
Overview
Data visualization is not chart generation -- it is visual argumentation. The chart type, color palette, annotation, and title are all rhetorical choices that either strengthen or weaken the story.
Core Principles
| Principle | Rule |
|---|
| Title = Insight | Chart titles state the takeaway, not the data label. "California leads with 39M" not "Population by State" |
| Story-Intent First | Ask "what story?" before "what chart?" |
| Data-Ink Ratio | Every pixel of ink should represent data. Remove everything else (Tufte) |
| 3-Second Test | If a viewer can't grasp the point in 3 seconds, redesign |
| Annotation = Argument | Callouts carry the story; the chart is evidence, the annotation is the argument |
Module 1: Story-Intent Chart Selection
The primary axis for chart selection is what story the user wants to tell. Data shape is a secondary constraint.
Step 1 -- Identify Story Intent
| Story Intent | Question Being Answered | Primary Charts | Advanced Charts |
|---|
| Compare | "How do these items rank or differ?" | Bar, Horizontal Bar, Grouped Bar, Radar | Beeswarm, Parallel Coordinates |
| Change Over Time | "How has this evolved?" | Line, Area, Stacked Area | Streamgraph, Ridgeline |
| Part-to-Whole | "What share does each segment hold?" | Donut, Stacked Bar, Pie | Waffle, Sunburst |
| Distribution | "How is this spread? What's normal vs. outlier?" | Histogram, Scatter | Violin, Beeswarm, Ridgeline |
| Relationship | "How are these variables connected?" | Scatter, Bubble | Chord, Network Graph, Parallel Coords |
| Flow / Process | "Where does it go? What are the paths?" | Horizontal Bar (stages) | Sankey, Chord |
| Hierarchy | "How is this organized in levels?" | Treemap | Sunburst |
| Spatial Pattern | "Where are the concentrations?" | Heatmap | Network Graph |
| Deviation | "What deviates from the baseline?" | Bar (diverging), Line (+ reference line) | Beeswarm |
Step 2 -- Narrow by Data Shape
| Data Shape | Compatible Intents | Ruled Out |
|---|
| Categorical + numeric | Compare, Part-to-Whole, Distribution | Flow (unless sequential) |
| Two numeric variables | Relationship, Distribution | Part-to-Whole |
| Time series | Change Over Time, Deviation | Hierarchy |
| Network / adjacency | Relationship, Flow | Part-to-Whole, Change Over Time |
| Hierarchical (parent-child) | Hierarchy, Part-to-Whole | Change Over Time, Distribution |
| Flow matrix (source-target) | Flow, Relationship | Compare (use grouped bar) |
Step 3 -- Audience & Context Filter
| Choose Standard When | Choose Advanced When |
|---|
| Audience expects familiar shapes | Complex relationships (flows, networks) |
| Tooltip interactivity is critical | Distribution shape matters more than values |
| Chart.js handles the data shape | Hierarchical structure needs multi-level view |
| Dashboard has 3+ charts (consistency) | Single hero viz to anchor a story |
| Executive audience (30s scan) | Analyst audience (exploration expected) |
Story-Intent Detection Heuristics
When the user doesn't state intent explicitly, infer from language:
| User Language | Inferred Intent |
|---|
| "rank", "compare", "versus", "top", "best/worst" | Compare |
| "over time", "trend", "growth", "decline", "monthly" | Change Over Time |
| "share", "proportion", "breakdown", "percent of" | Part-to-Whole |
| "spread", "range", "outlier", "normal", "distribution" | Distribution |
| "correlation", "relationship", "predict", "affects" | Relationship |
| "flow", "path", "from X to Y", "conversion", "funnel" | Flow / Process |
| "hierarchy", "drill down", "parent/child", "levels" | Hierarchy |
| "where", "hotspot", "concentration", "geographic" | Spatial Pattern |
| "deviation", "variance", "above/below target", "gap" | Deviation |
Module 2: Narrative Chart Pairing
A single chart tells one point. Paired charts reinforce the insight from a second angle.
| Primary Chart | Good Pair | Why |
|---|
| Bar (compare) | Donut (proportion) | Shows both absolute and relative size |
| Line (trend) | Bar (change amount) | Shows direction and magnitude |
| Scatter (relationship) | Histogram (distribution) | Shows correlation and individual spread |
| Treemap (hierarchy) | Table (detail) | Shows structure and precise values |
| Sankey (flow) | Stacked bar (proportions at each stage) | Shows paths and stage composition |
The Inverted Pyramid Pattern
From population.html reference -- arrange visuals in absorption order:
| Layer | Component | Time to Absorb | Purpose |
|---|
| 1 | KPI cards | 2 seconds | "What's the big picture?" |
| 2 | Hero chart | 10 seconds | Full distribution, interactive |
| 3 | Supporting charts | 15 seconds | Same data, different lens |
| 4 | Table | As needed | Precise values for analysts |
| 5 | Drill-down | On click | Detail without clutter |
Module 3: Color Theory
Mandatory: Colorblind-Safe Palette
All chart output MUST use a colorblind-safe palette. The canonical palette for all Alex charting skills is Tableau 10, verified against deuteranopia, protanopia, and tritanopia:
#4e79a7 Blue-Steel (primary)
#f28e2b Orange
#e15759 Coral
#76b7b2 Teal
#59a14f Sage
#edc948 Gold
#b07aa1 Mauve
#ff9da7 Rose
#9c755f Brown
#bab0ac Warm Gray
| Palette | Colors | Use Case |
|---|
| Categorical (default) | First N colors from the canonical 10 above | Unordered categories |
| Sequential Blue | #deebf7 → #08519c | Low-to-high numeric |
| Diverging RdBu | #b2182b → #f7f7f7 → #2166ac | Above/below midpoint |
| Semantic Region | Consistent color per category across all charts on a page | Region, department, status |
Color Rules (Non-Negotiable)
| Rule | Explanation |
|---|
| Always colorblind-safe | Never use a palette that has not been tested for deuteranopia, protanopia, and tritanopia |
| Semantic consistency | Same color = same meaning across all charts on a page |
| Highlight, don't decorate | Use saturated color for the key data point; mute everything else |
| Sequential for ordered data | Light-to-dark for low-to-high |
| Diverging for deviation | Two hues diverging from neutral midpoint |
| Never rely on color alone | Add patterns, labels, or shapes for accessibility |
| Test with Sim Daltonism | Verify with protanopia and deuteranopia simulation |
WCAG Contrast Requirements
| Context | Minimum Ratio |
|---|
| Text on background | 4.5:1 (AA), 7:1 (AAA) |
| Chart labels | 4.5:1 minimum |
| Data vs. background | 3:1 for graphical elements |
Module 4: Decluttering (Tufte's Data-Ink Ratio)
Every element must earn its place. Remove anything that doesn't carry data.
| Remove | Replace With |
|---|
| Gridlines | Light reference lines only if needed |
| Borders around chart area | White space separation |
| Legends (when possible) | Direct labels on data |
| Background fills | Transparent / minimal |
| 3D effects | Never. Always flat. |
| Redundant axis labels | Context in title or subtitle |
Before/After Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern | Problem | Fix |
|---|
| Rainbow palette | No semantic meaning | Use 2-3 purposeful colors |
| Every bar labeled | Visual noise | Label key values only |
| Dual Y axes | Misleading correlation | Two separate charts |
| Pie with 8+ slices | Unreadable | Horizontal bar, sorted |
| Missing axis zero | Exaggerated differences | Start at zero or note truncation |
Module 5: Annotation Hierarchy
| Element | Content | Rule |
|---|
| Title | The insight ("Sales peaked at $4.2M in Q3") | Never a data label |
| Subtitle | Context ("Quarterly revenue, FY 2024-2025") | Who, what, when |
| Callout | The exception ("Q1 2025: +31% jump -- pricing change?") | Arrow or highlight |
| Footnote | Caveats ("Excludes returns. Source: SAP ERP.") | Small, bottom |
| Source | Data provenance | Always present |
Module 6: Small Multiples
Use faceted views when a single chart would be overloaded.
| Use Small Multiples When | Use Overlay When |
|---|
| 5+ series on one chart | 2-3 series that interact |
| Each series has its own pattern | Comparison is the point |
| Reader needs to see individual shapes | Relative position matters |
Implementation
Grid: 2x3 or 3x4 panels
Each panel: Same axes, same scale (critical!)
Difference: One variable changes per panel (category, time period, cohort)
Module 7: Accessibility
| Requirement | Implementation |
|---|
| Alt text | Describe the chart's insight, not its structure ("Revenue grew 34% in 2024" not "Bar chart showing revenue") |
| Patterns | Add hatching or shapes alongside color |
| Keyboard | Tab-navigable data points in interactive charts |
| Screen reader | aria-label on chart container, data table fallback |
| High contrast | Test in Windows High Contrast mode |
Module 8: Tool Targets
| Target | Library | Output | When |
|---|
| HTML (self-contained) | Chart.js 4.x via CDN | .html file | Default -- zero-config dashboards |
| HTML (advanced) | Raw Canvas 2D API | .html file | Sankey, Chord, Sunburst, etc. |
| Python | Plotly | Interactive HTML/notebook | Data science workflows |
| Python (static) | Matplotlib + Seaborn | PNG/SVG | Publications, reports |
| Markdown | Mermaid | Inline in docs | Documentation, PRs |
| Power BI | DAX measures + visuals | .pbix | Enterprise BI |
Chart.js Configuration Defaults
Chart.defaults.font.family = "'Segoe UI', system-ui, sans-serif";
Chart.defaults.font.size = 13;
Chart.defaults.plugins.legend.display = false;
Chart.defaults.scales.x.grid.display = false;
Chart.defaults.scales.y.grid.color = "rgba(255,255,255,0.06)";
Chart.defaults.plugins.tooltip.backgroundColor = "rgba(0,0,0,0.85)";
Module 9: Advanced Canvas Charts
10 chart types rendered with raw Canvas 2D API -- no extra dependencies beyond the browser.
| Chart | Story Intent | Data Shape | Key Technique |
|---|
| Sankey | Flow | Source-target-value | Bezier curves between stacked bars |
| Chord | Relationship | Adjacency matrix | Circular arcs with ribbons |
| Streamgraph | Change Over Time | Multi-series time | Stacked area with centered baseline |
| Sunburst | Hierarchy | Parent-child | Concentric arcs, angular proportion |
| Parallel Coordinates | Compare (multi-dim) | Many numeric columns | Vertical axes, polylines |
| Beeswarm | Distribution | Categorical + numeric | Force-separated dots on axis |
| Ridgeline | Distribution (compare) | Series of distributions | Overlapping density curves |
| Waffle | Part-to-Whole | Percentages | Grid of colored squares |
| Network Graph | Relationship | Nodes + edges | Force-directed layout |
| Violin | Distribution | Grouped distributions | Mirrored density curves |
Canvas Rendering Pattern
const canvas = document.getElementById("chart");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
canvas.width = canvas.clientWidth * dpr;
canvas.height = canvas.clientHeight * dpr;
ctx.scale(dpr, dpr);
Reference Implementations
| File | Charts | Pattern |
|---|
visuals.html | 14 standard types | Card grid, mini/full pairs, per-chart metadata |
adv_visuals.html | 10 advanced types | Canvas-only rendering, zero dependencies |
population.html | 4 dashboard charts | Inverted pyramid, narrative flow, drill-down |
Anti-Patterns
| Anti-Pattern | Why It Fails | Fix |
|---|
| "Chart type first, data second" | Picks visual before understanding the story | Start with story intent |
| Title just labels axes | No argument, no insight | Write a sentence the viewer should conclude |
| Rainbow palette on categories | No semantic meaning, accessibility failure | Max 2-3 purposeful hues |
| Dual Y axes | Implies false correlation | Two separate charts |
| Pie chart with 8+ slices | Unreadable, angle perception is poor | Sorted horizontal bar |
| 3D anything | Distorts perception, adds zero information | Always flat |
| Default gridlines | Clutter that competes with data | Remove or make very subtle |
