xla

name	xla
description	Comprehensive reference for XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra) compiler - covering architecture, operation semantics, HLO IR, compilation pipeline, GPU/CPU/TPU backends, PJRT API, MLIR integration, custom calls, autotuning, SPMD partitioning, debugging tools, and build system.
version	2.0

XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra)

XLA is an open-source machine learning (ML) compiler for GPUs, CPUs, and ML accelerators. It takes models from popular ML frameworks such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, and JAX, and optimizes them for high-performance execution across different hardware platforms.

Key Objectives

• Improve execution speed: Compile subgraphs to reduce overhead, fuse pipelined operations, specialize for known tensor shapes
• Improve memory usage: Analyze and schedule memory, eliminate intermediate storage buffers
• Reduce reliance on custom ops: Fuse low-level ops to match hand-tuned custom op performance
• Improve portability: Easy to write new backends for novel hardware

Supported Frameworks and Hardware

• Frameworks: JAX, TensorFlow, PyTorch
• Hardware: NVIDIA GPUs (CUDA), AMD GPUs (ROCm), CPUs (x86/ARM), TPUs, custom accelerators
• Project: Part of the OpenXLA ecosystem

Compilation Pipeline Overview

ML Framework → StableHLO → HLO → Target-Independent Optimizations → Target-Specific Optimizations → Code Generation

1. StableHLO Input: ML frameworks produce StableHLO operations
2. HLO Conversion: StableHLO converted to internal HLO dialect
3. Optimizations: CSE, fusion, buffer analysis, layout assignment
4. Backend Processing: Target-specific HLO optimizations and code generation
5. Code Generation: LLVM IR → PTX (GPU), native code (CPU), or device-specific binary

Quick Reference

Basic Computation Example

#include "xla/client/xla_builder.h"

xla::XlaBuilder builder("add_vectors");

// Create parameters
xla::XlaOp x = xla::Parameter(&builder, 0,
    xla::ShapeUtil::MakeShape(xla::F32, {1024}), "x");
xla::XlaOp y = xla::Parameter(&builder, 1,
    xla::ShapeUtil::MakeShape(xla::F32, {1024}), "y");

// Build computation
xla::XlaOp result = xla::Add(x, y);

// Build and compile
auto computation = builder.Build().value();

HLO Text Format Example

HloModule matmul_example

ENTRY main {
  %p0 = f32[1024,512]{1,0} parameter(0)
  %p1 = f32[512,2048]{1,0} parameter(1)
  ROOT %dot = f32[1024,2048]{1,0} dot(%p0, %p1),
         lhs_contracting_dims={1}, rhs_contracting_dims={0}
}

Common Operations

// Element-wise operations
XlaOp Add(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs);
XlaOp Mul(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs);
XlaOp Sub(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs);
XlaOp Div(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs);

// Data manipulation
XlaOp Reshape(XlaOp operand, ArraySlice<int64> dimensions);
XlaOp Broadcast(XlaOp operand, ArraySlice<int64> broadcast_sizes);
XlaOp Slice(XlaOp operand, ArraySlice<int64> start, ArraySlice<int64> limit, ArraySlice<int64> strides);
XlaOp Transpose(XlaOp operand, ArraySlice<int64> permutation);
XlaOp ConcatInDim(ArraySlice<XlaOp> operands, int64_t dimension);

// Linear algebra
XlaOp Dot(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs);
XlaOp DotGeneral(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs, DotDimensionNumbers dnums);
XlaOp Conv(XlaOp lhs, XlaOp rhs, ArraySlice<int64> strides, Padding padding);

// Collective operations
XlaOp AllReduce(XlaOp operand, XlaComputation computation, ReplicaGroupVector groups);
XlaOp AllGather(XlaOp operand, int64_t dim, int64_t count, ReplicaGroupVector groups);

// Control flow
;
;

Common Tools

# Dump HLO from JAX
XLA_FLAGS=--xla_dump_to=/tmp/hlo_dump python my_program.py

# Run HLO module
run_hlo_module --platform=CUDA --reference_platform=Interpreter computation.hlo

# Optimize and inspect HLO
hlo-opt --platform=CUDA --stage=hlo input.hlo
hlo-opt --passes=algebraic-simplifier input.hlo

# Deviceless GPU compilation
hlo-opt --platform=CUDA --stage=llvm \
  --xla_gpu_target_config_filename=gpu_specs/a100_pcie_80.txtpb input.hlo

Documentation Structure

Overview and Architecture

• 01-overview-and-architecture - XLA overview, objectives, and compiler architecture
• 02-shapes-and-layout - Shapes, layout, tiling, memory spaces, and indexing
• 03-broadcasting - Broadcasting semantics, rules, and composition

Operation Semantics

• 04-operation-semantics-elementwise - Element-wise unary operations (Abs, Sin, Cos, Exp, etc.)
• 05-operation-semantics-binary - Binary operations (Add, Mul, Div, And, Or, etc.)
• 06-operation-semantics-collective - Collective operations (AllReduce, AllGather, AllToAll, etc.)
• 07-operation-semantics-control-flow - Control flow (While, Conditional, Reduce, Sort, etc.)
• 08-operation-semantics-convolution - Convolutions, FFT, and TriangularSolve
• 09-operation-semantics-data-manipulation - Data manipulation (Reshape, Slice, Broadcast, Gather, etc.)
• 10-operation-semantics-linear-algebra - Linear algebra (Dot, Cholesky, BatchNorm)
• 11-operation-semantics-io-and-other - Custom calls, I/O, RNG, tokens, and misc operations

Compiler Infrastructure

• 12-hlo-ir - HLO IR: module structure, instruction set, text format, verification
• 13-compilation-pipeline - Compilation pipeline stages from StableHLO to native code
• 14-hlo-passes - HLO optimization and transformation passes
• 15-gpu-backend - GPU backend architecture, pipeline, and runtime
• 16-gpu-emitters - GPU code generation: emitters, partitioning, vectorization
• 17-cpu-backend - CPU backend architecture and code generation
• 18-tpu-backend - TPU backend, memory model, and SparseCore

Integration and Extension

• 19-developing-new-backend - How to develop a new XLA backend
• 20-pjrt-api - PJRT uniform device API and plugin mechanism
• 21-mlir-integration - MLIR-HLO dialect integration and TableGen
• 22-custom-calls - Custom calls and XLA FFI binding
• 23-async-operations - Async HLO instructions and syntax sugar
• 24-autotuning - Autotuning framework and persisted results
• 25-tools - XLA tools: run_hlo_module, hlo-opt, ptx-opt, isolate_hlo
• 26-build-system - Building XLA from source with Bazel
• 27-debugging - Debugging, HLO dumps, error codes, determinism
• 28-aliasing - Input/output buffer aliasing and donation
• 29-spmd-partitioner - SPMD partitioning, sharding, and GSPMD
• 30-symbolic-expression - Symbolic expressions, indexing analysis, and dynamic shapes