term-interrogation

name

term-interrogation

description

Walks a finished document line by line, finds every word and phrase standing in for a concept, and breaks each one down until a reader with no background can follow it. Targets the assumed-knowledge phrase, the kind that sounds ordinary while hiding everything that matters ("moat", "flywheel", "product-market fit", "at scale"), not merely the rare word. Explains each term where it is used, then re-reads its own explanation and unpacks any new term that explanation introduced, repeating until every word bottoms out in ordinary language. Produces a term ledger recording what was flagged, how it was handled, where each explanation came from, and how many passes it took. Use after drafting any report, explainer or analysis for a non-expert audience, or when asked to explain something from first principles, assume the reader knows nothing, cross-question the jargon, define every term, or make a document readable by a beginner.

Term interrogation

A reader who nods along and learns nothing has been failed by the writing, not by their own attention. The words that cause it are rarely the difficult ones. Difficult words announce themselves and get looked up. The dangerous words are the ordinary-sounding ones that carry a whole concept quietly inside them.

"The company built a moat around its core workflow." Every word there is common English. The sentence is still unreadable, because "moat" is standing in for an argument about why competitors cannot take these customers away, and that argument was never made.

This skill finds those words and makes them explain themselves.

What this skill is for, and what it is not

It runs after a draft exists. It is an audit and repair pass over finished prose, not a drafting style.

It is the recursive layer above reader-first-prose. That skill introduces a term before leaning on it, once. This one keeps going: it reads its own replacement text and asks whether that text introduced something new the reader also cannot follow.

Hand off rather than duplicate:

• reader-first-prose for the surrounding sentence work, metaphor grounding, and the honesty rules.
• ladder-of-abstraction when a passage is abstract all the way through. That is an altitude problem, not a vocabulary problem. See also the density case below, which looks similar and is not.
• readability-check for scoring afterwards.

Keep or cut: the decision that governs everything

Two moves are available for any term, and picking the wrong one is the most common way this work goes bad.

Keep the term and teach it when it is real vocabulary in the field the reader is entering. The reader will meet "moat", "gross margin", "latency" and "cohort" again the moment they read anything else about the subject. Removing the word leaves them unable to look it up or use it in a conversation. Teach it once and they own it.

Cut the term and say the thing when it is the writer's shorthand rather than the field's vocabulary, and the reader will never need it again. "At scale", "best-in-class", "leverage", "seamless", "robust" and "table stakes" are not concepts the reader must carry forward. They are compression the writer chose.

The test: will this reader meet this word again, outside this document? If yes, keep and teach. If no, cut and state the thing plainly.

One tiebreaker, for the boundary cases. Keep a term only if it has a settled definition the reader can carry away. A live metaphor that every writer bends to their own meaning fails this even when it recurs constantly. "Wedge" is the clearest example: readers meet it everywhere, and teaching it would mean teaching your definition as the field's. Cut those and say what you mean.

Never replace a precise word with a vaguer one. Swapping "amortization" for "spreading out" scores better and teaches nothing.

Before:  Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term.
Wrong:   Revenue is counted bit by bit over time.
Right:   Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term, meaning the company counts
         an equal slice of a yearly contract in each month rather than all of it on the
         day the customer signs.

The four moves

Work the document top to bottom. One pass is usually enough; the density case below is the exception and says so.

1. Detect

Read every line and flag five kinds of term.

Kind	What it looks like	Example
Assumed-knowledge phrase	Ordinary words carrying a hidden concept. The most common and most damaging	moat, flywheel, land and expand, product-market fit, network effects
Domain term	A word that plainly belongs to a field	ratably, cohort, latency, gross margin, churn
Acronym or short form	Any initialism, including ones that feel universal	ARR, NDR, TAM, SDK, DX
Named entity with a role	A company, product, standard or person whose relevance the reader cannot infer	"the Bloomberg terminal", "Section 174", "a CRDT"
Vague booster	A word that sounds like a claim and asserts nothing measurable	best-in-class, seamless, robust, optimize, leverage, at scale

The test that finds the assumed-knowledge phrase: can a reader outside the field restate what this phrase asserts, or only recognise it? A reader recognises "moat" and cannot restate it. That gap is the tell.

Do not use "could I delete this and still make the claim" as the test. That flags every content-bearing noun in the language, including "revenue", and tells you nothing about whether meaning is hidden.

2. Interrogate

For each flagged term, answer three questions in your working notes.

1. What does it mean here? Not the dictionary meaning. The meaning in this sentence, about this subject. "Scale" means something different in a warehouse and in a database.
2. What would the reader need to already know? Name the prior knowledge the sentence assumes. That prior knowledge is what you owe them.
3. Keep or cut? Apply the test above.

3. Explain in place

Explain the term where the reader meets it, on first use only. Four ways.

Appositive. Shortest and least disruptive. Best for a term with a clean definition.

...its net dollar retention, the share of last year's revenue that this year's customers still spend, sits above 120%.

Setup sentence. For a term that needs a full sentence before it can be used.

A cohort is a group of customers who all started in the same month, tracked together so their behaviour can be compared with other months. Their cohorts show...

Concrete instance. For a term that is genuinely abstract. Do not paraphrase it. Show one.

...network effects, meaning each new user makes the product better for the ones already there. A phone is worthless if nobody else owns one and valuable when everyone does.

Showing a particular narrows a general claim, so keep both. "The framework itself, Next.js" preserves the general claim and grounds it; "Next.js" alone quietly shrinks what the writer asserted.

Cut and restate. For shorthand the reader will not meet again.

Before: The platform delivers best-in-class performance at scale. After: The platform stays fast as a customer grows, and no competitor is measurably faster.

Note what "land and expand" is doing in the Detect table above: it is listed as an assumed-knowledge phrase, and it passes the keep test, so it gets taught rather than cut. Being on the Detect list means "explain me", not "delete me".

Acronyms that arrive late. When the spelled-out form appears early and the short form appears several sentences later, the reader's problem is connecting them, not decoding either. Bind them at first mention: "developer experience, usually shortened to DX".

Compound terms. Explain the whole compound first, then any part that still does work on its own. "Edge network economics" gets explained as a unit; "edge network" earns its own treatment only because it appears elsewhere alone.

4. Recurse

This is the step every other skill skips, and it is the reason this one exists.

Read the explanation you just wrote as though you knew nothing. Did it introduce a new term the reader also cannot follow? Very often it did, because the natural way to explain a domain term is with another domain term.

Pass 1:  write   "a durable competitive advantage"
         read back -> "competitive advantage" is itself an assumed-knowledge phrase.

Pass 2:  write   "a reason customers keep buying from this company rather than switching
                  to a rival, that a rival cannot easily copy"
         read back -> every word is ordinary. Stop.

Two passes. "moat" is recorded in the ledger with a count of 2.

Counting passes. One pass is one write-then-read-back cycle on that term. The final read-back that changes nothing is still a pass, because reading back is the work. A cut with no read-back is one pass.

Nested terms get their own row. When explaining term A forces you to explain term B, B becomes its own ledger entry with its own count. Term A's count stops when A's own wording settles. Do not roll B's passes into A, or two people auditing the same document produce ledgers that cannot be compared.

Row it, or rewrite around it? Run the new term through the keep test. If it passes, give it its own row and teach it. If it fails, do not row it: rewrite your gloss to avoid it and count another pass. "Competitive advantage" fails the test, so the moat trace above rewrites rather than rowing it.

Ordinary language has a floor, so name it. Decide what this reader is assumed to know before you start, and write it at the top of the ledger. "Code", "server" and "price" are ordinary for most audiences; for some they are not. Without a stated floor, two auditors produce different pass counts on the same document and neither is wrong.

Stop when both are true:

• Every word in the explanation is ordinary language, or has itself been explained earlier in the document.
• A reader who knows nothing could restate the claim in their own words.

The second condition is the one that matters. Every word can be ordinary while the mechanism is still missing. "Cost per visitor falls" uses only common words and does not say why.

Do not keep going past that. Explaining "customer" or "price" insults the reader.

When you pass four or five passes on one term, stop and diagnose. Two different failures look alike here:

• Abstract all the way down. Nothing concrete anywhere. Hand to ladder-of-abstraction and get a real particular. Mark the term handed off in the ledger and leave the best gloss you have rather than deleting it.
• Too dense. Every term is fine alone, but they arrive faster than a reader can absorb them. See below. This is not an altitude problem and ladder-of-abstraction will not fix it.

When the passage is too dense to gloss in place

Explaining every term where it appears works up to roughly one flaggable term per sentence. Past that, the appositives pile up, the rhythm collapses, and a 95-word paragraph becomes 500 words of interruptions.

When you notice that happening, stop glossing and write a short orienting paragraph first: what this thing is, who buys it, and how it makes money, in plain words and no jargon. Then run the pass again. Half the glosses become unnecessary, because the reader now has somewhere to put the terms.

Length is a real constraint. A document nobody finishes has not been made readable.

The budget covers everything the reader reads, orienting paragraph included. Aim to stay under about two and a half times the original. Past that, in order:

1. Write the orienting paragraph, if you have not. It is the largest single saving.
2. Move the most-repeated glosses out of the prose and into the glossary, leaving only the shortest appositive inline.
3. When the passage runs beyond roughly three flaggable terms per sentence, stop repairing it term by term. Rewrite the passage from the underlying claim, then run this pass on the result. Term-by-term repair assumes the sentences are worth saving, and at that density they usually are not.

Never buy length by weakening a kept term. If the choice is a vaguer word or a longer document, take the longer document.

The term ledger

Emit this alongside the revised document so the work is checkable.

## Term ledger

Assumed reader floor: <what this reader is taken to already know, e.g. "ordinary business
English; not software, not finance">

| Term | Kind | Where | How it was handled | Source | Status | Passes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| orienting paragraph | authored | before §1 | Added to carry what the company sells and how it earns | imported | done | 1 |
| moat | assumed-knowledge | §2, first use | Kept. Appositive: reason customers do not switch, that rivals cannot copy | document | done | 2 |
| edge network | domain | §3 | Kept. Appositive naming the machines and where they sit | mixed | done | 3 |
| at scale | vague booster | §4 | Cut. Restated as "the bigger the company, the more of it there is" | document | done | 1 |
| aggregation theory | assumed-knowledge | §5 | Best gloss kept; passage is abstract throughout | document | handed off | 5 |
| synergy | assumed-knowledge | §3 | Could not say what it means here | document | unresolved | 2 |

Where takes any locator the document supports: a section, a heading, or a sentence number. Text you authored yourself, such as the orienting paragraph, is located relative to the document ("before §1").

Source is document when the explanation came from the text you were given, imported when you supplied the fact, and mixed when both. It is not optional. See the guardrail on imported facts below.

Status is done, handed off (abstract throughout, passed to ladder-of-abstraction, best available gloss left in place), or unresolved (you could not say what the term means here, and said so).

The orienting paragraph gets its own row. It is the single largest importer of outside facts in this method, since it states what the thing is and how it earns, and a jargon-dense document usually says neither. List the facts it brought in underneath the ledger so a reader can check them.

Also emit a plain-language glossary: every kept term, alphabetical, with the explanation that survived the recursion. Include a named product or company only when the reader needs to carry it forward; a name used once to ground a single sentence stays in the prose. The glossary repeats the inline explanation rather than replacing it. A reader should never have to leave the sentence to understand the sentence.

Worked example

Before:

Figma's moat is its multiplayer canvas. The flywheel is strong: more collaborators drive more seats, and the file format creates lock-in that raises switching costs at scale.

Every word is common English. A reader learns almost nothing.

After:

Figma's moat, meaning the reason its customers do not switch to a rival and a rival cannot easily copy, is that many people can work on the same design at the same time and watch each other's cursors move. That advantage feeds itself, a loop often called a flywheel. A designer who invites a colleague to open a file has effectively recruited them, and Figma charges per person, so invitations turn into revenue. It also raises switching costs, the work a customer must do to leave. Once a company's designs sit in Figma's own file format, moving to a competitor means converting or rebuilding them, and the bigger the company, the more there is to move.

What changed, and why:

• "moat" and "flywheel" were kept and taught. Both are real vocabulary in this field and the reader will meet them again. Cutting them would leave the reader unable to follow the next article they read.
• "switching costs" was kept and taught. It is standard vocabulary in this field with a settled meaning, so the reader gains something they can reuse.
• "lock-in" was cut. It says the same thing as "switching costs" and the passage does not need both. When two terms name one idea, teach the one with the settled definition.
• "at scale" was cut. It is a vague booster hiding a real claim, which is now visible and arguable.
• The claim did not get weaker. It got checkable, which is what a reader needs in order to disagree.

Guardrails

• Mark every fact you import. Explaining a term often needs a detail the document never stated. "Figma charges per person" and "cursors move" are true and are not in the Before. Adding them is allowed and often necessary. Recording them is mandatory: mark the ledger row imported. When you cannot personally vouch for the detail, fall back to a non-specific gloss rather than inventing a confident one. Smooth recursion on invented facts is more dangerous than recursion that stalls, because nothing signals the error.
• Preserve every number, name and citation exactly. This pass changes how a claim reads, never what it asserts.
• Do not weaken a claim while simplifying it. If the original says a company dominates a market, the revision says so too, in plainer words. Demote "best-in-class" to "as good as anyone's", not to "good".
• Do not delete a hedge that carries real uncertainty. "Appears to" and "on the available evidence" are load-bearing when the evidence is thin.
• Explain at first use, once. Re-explaining on every mention is condescending and makes the document longer without making it clearer.
• A term you cannot explain is a term you do not understand. When the recursion stalls because you cannot say what a phrase means in this context, mark it unresolved in the ledger and say so in your response. Do not write an explanation that sounds right and means nothing.