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Gene regulatory network analysis — TF-target inference (JASPAR motifs, ChIP-seq), motif scanning, eQTL integration, perturbation evidence (knockout/overexpression). Use for 'which TF regulates gene X', 'which genes does TF Y target', regulatory pathway reconstruction. Distinguishes direct (binding) vs indirect (co-expression) regulatory evidence.
Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
GRN inference starts with: which TF regulates which gene? Direct evidence (ChIP-seq binding) is stronger than indirect (co-expression correlation). A TF binding near a gene doesn't prove regulation — check if expression changes when the TF is perturbed. JASPAR provides binding motifs but motif presence in a promoter is only computational evidence (T3); ENCODE ChIP-seq data that places the TF at the locus in the relevant cell type is stronger (T1). eQTLs from GTEx show which variants affect expression but don't identify the upstream regulator — combine with TF motif disruption analysis for mechanistic insight.
LOOK UP DON'T GUESS: never assume JASPAR matrix IDs, Enrichr library names, or GTEx tissue identifiers — always search JASPAR by TF name and verify library names before calling enrichr.
When to Use
Activate this skill when the user asks about:
Transcription factor (TF) binding sites, motifs, or target genes
Gene regulatory networks or transcriptional regulation
Chromatin state and histone modifications in regulatory context
TF-target relationships and co-regulation
eQTL effects on gene regulation
Protein-protein interactions among regulatory factors
COMPUTE, DON'T DESCRIBE
When analysis requires computation (statistics, data processing, scoring, enrichment), write and run Python code via Bash. Don't describe what you would do — execute it and report actual results. Use ToolUniverse tools to retrieve data, then Python (pandas, scipy, statsmodels, matplotlib) to analyze it.
Workflow
Phase 0: Input Disambiguation
Determine:
Is the query about a specific TF (e.g., "TP53 regulatory network") or a target gene (e.g., "what regulates CDKN1A")?
Is a specific tissue/cell type relevant?
Should the analysis focus on direct binding (motifs) or functional targets (ChIP-seq, enrichment)?
Phase 1: TF Motif Lookup (JASPAR)
Search JASPAR for the TF's position weight matrix (PWM) and binding motif profile.
Tool: jaspar_search_matrices
Parameters:
search string TF name to search (e.g., "TP53")
limit integer Max results (default 10)
collection string JASPAR collection filter (e.g., "CORE")
species string Taxonomy ID filter (e.g., "9606" for human)
Parameters:
matrix_id string JASPAR matrix ID (e.g., "MA0106.3")
Returns PFM (position frequency matrix), species, TF class, UniProt IDs.
Phase 2: TF Target Genes (Enrichr)
Identify target genes from ChIP-seq experiments via Enrichr.
Tool: enrichr_gene_enrichment_analysis
Parameters:
gene_list array List of gene symbols (REQUIRED)
library string Enrichr library name (default "GO_Biological_Process_2023")
top_n integer Top enriched terms to return (default 10)
Key libraries for regulatory network analysis:
"ENCODE_TF_ChIP-seq_2015" -- TF binding from ENCODE ChIP-seq
IMPORTANT: Enrichr takes a gene list and tells you what TFs are enriched. To find targets OF a TF, use the TRRUST library or look up TF ChIP-seq targets directly.
Phase 3: Regulatory Element Context
3a: Histone Modifications (ENCODE)
Tool: ENCODE_search_histone_experiments
Parameters:
target string Histone mark (e.g., "H3K27ac", "H3K4me3", "H3K27me3")
tissue string Tissue/cell type (e.g., "liver", "brain")
limit integer Max results (default 10)
Returns regulatory score (1a-7), tissue-specific scores, and overlapping regulatory features.
Phase 4: Protein Interaction Network
4a: STRING Database
Tool: STRING_get_interaction_partners
Parameters:
identifiers string Protein/gene name (REQUIRED, e.g., "TP53")
species integer NCBI taxonomy ID (default 9606 for human)
limit integer Max partners to return
required_score integer Min combined score 0-1000 (400=medium, 700=high, 900=highest)
Parameters:
query string Search term (REQUIRED)
ontology string Ontology ID (e.g., "so" for Sequence Ontology, "go" for Gene Ontology)
limit integer Max results
Parameters:
identifiers string Comma-separated gene names (REQUIRED)
species integer NCBI taxonomy ID (default 9606)
Performs GO, KEGG, Reactome enrichment on a gene set from the network.
Common Mistakes
JASPAR tool name: Use jaspar_search_matrices (lowercase, plural), NOT jaspar_get_matrix.
JASPAR search param: The parameter is search (NOT query or name).
STRING identifiers param: Use identifiers as a string (NOT an array). For multiple proteins, use STRING_get_network with array identifiers.
Enrichr direction: enrichr_gene_enrichment_analysis takes a gene SET and finds enriched TFs/pathways. To find targets of a TF, use "TRRUST_Transcription_Factors_2019" library with known target genes, or consult ENCODE ChIP-seq data directly.
Enrichr gene_list is required: Must be a JSON array of strings, not a single string.
GTEx uses gene_symbol: NOT Ensembl ID. The tool resolves it internally.
ENCODE tissue names: Use lowercase tissue names like "liver", "brain", "heart". Complex queries may fail -- keep tissue names simple.
BioGRID returns interactions as dict: Keys are interaction IDs, values contain OFFICIAL_SYMBOL_A and OFFICIAL_SYMBOL_B.
RegulomeDB rsID format: Must include the "rs" prefix (e.g., "rs7412" not "7412").
No TRRUST direct tool: TRRUST data is accessed via Enrichr library "TRRUST_Transcription_Factors_2019", not a standalone tool.
Common Use Patterns
Pattern 1: "What does TF X regulate?"
jaspar_search_matrices -- Get motif info for TF X
enrichr_gene_enrichment_analysis with TRRUST_Transcription_Factors_2019 library -- Use known targets