leptos

name	leptos
description	Leptos 0.7 CSR/WASM frontend development guide. Component patterns, signals, view! macro syntax, API calls, i18n, and 25 gotchas for building Leptos WASM apps. Use when writing or reviewing Leptos frontend code.
author	$USER
version	1.0.0

Leptos 0.7 CSR / WASM Reference

When writing or modifying Leptos frontend code, follow these patterns and avoid these pitfalls.

Setup

• Leptos 0.7 CSR (client-side rendering, WASM target)
• Build check: cargo check --manifest-path app/leptos-ui/Cargo.toml --target=wasm32-unknown-unknown
• Crate root: lib.rs needs #![allow(unused_parens)] — Leptos view macros require parens around closure attribute values but rustc flags them as unnecessary

Component Pattern

use leptos::prelude::*;
use crate::i18n::t;
use crate::state::use_app_state;

#[component]
pub fn MyPage() -> impl IntoView {
    let app_state = use_app_state();
    let (loading, set_loading) = signal(true);
    let (error_msg, set_error_msg) = signal(None::<String>);
    let (data, set_data) = signal(Vec::new());

    // Fetch on mount
    spawn_local(async move {
        set_loading.set(true);
        match api::fetch_something().await {
            Ok(d) => set_data.set(d),
            Err(e) => set_error_msg.set(Some(e)),
        }
        set_loading.set(false);
    });

    view! {
        <div class="my-page">
            <h2>{t("my-page-title")}</h2>
        </div>
    }
}

Signals (State)

let (value, set_value) = signal(initial);  // ReadSignal + WriteSignal
value.get()           // read (creates reactive dependency — triggers re-render)
value.get_untracked() // read WITHOUT tracking (no re-render)
set_value.set(new)    // write (returns (), not the new value — no chaining)

Global State

// Provide once in App
provide_context(my_state);

// Use in any component — PANICS if context not provided
let state = use_app_state();  // calls expect_context::<AppState>()

// Safe alternative (returns Option):
let state = use_context::<AppState>();

View Macro Patterns

Class binding

// Static
<div class="my-class">

// Dynamic (reactive) — MUST use parens, Leptos macro parser requires them
<div class=(move || if active.get() { "tab active" } else { "tab" })>

// Toggle class
<button class="btn" class:active=move || is_active.get()>

Event handlers

<button on:click=move |_| set_count.set(count.get() + 1)>
<input on:input=move |ev| set_val.set(event_target_value(&ev)) />

Conditionals

{move || error.get().map(|msg| view! { <div class="error">{msg}</div> })}
{move || show.get().then(|| view! { <Modal /> })}

Lists

{items.iter().map(|item| {
    let name = item.name.clone();  // clone before move
    view! { <div>{name}</div> }
}).collect::<Vec<_>>()}

Match arms (tab routing)

// Each arm MUST call .into_any() to erase concrete types
match current_tab.get() {
    0 => view! { <DashboardPage /> }.into_any(),
    1 => view! { <BeadsPage /> }.into_any(),
    _ => view! { <DashboardPage /> }.into_any(),
}

Text

<span>"Static text"</span>
<span>{t("i18n-key")}</span>
<span>{move || format!("Count: {}", count.get())}</span>

API Calls

All HTTP in api.rs via web_sys::Request + JsFuture (NOT reqwest — it doesn't work in WASM).

pub async fn fetch_beads() -> Result<Vec<ApiBead>, String> {
    fetch_json(&format!("{API_BASE}/api/beads")).await
}

Usage: always via spawn_local (NOT tokio::spawn).

i18n

• Files: src/locales/en.ftl, src/locales/fr.ftl
• Function: t("key-name") — reads current locale from context
• With args: t_args("key", &args)
• Always use crate::i18n::t;
• FluentBundle is not Send+Sync — stored via StoredValue<I18n, LocalStorage>

Navigation

Tab-based via current_tab: ReadSignal<usize> signal — not URL routing.

Gotchas & Pitfalls

Macro & Compiler

1. Parens required in view! class attributes: class=(move || ...) NEEDS the outer parens — the Leptos macro parser requires them. rustc flags these as "unnecessary parentheses" but removing them causes failed to parse expression errors. Suppress with #![allow(unused_parens)] at crate root.

2. .into_any() on match arms: When matching on different views, each arm must call .into_any() to erase the concrete type. Forgetting this gives opaque type mismatch errors.

3. collect::<Vec<_>>(): Iterator-based lists in view! must be collected. Forgetting this gives "iterator is not an IntoView" errors.

Closures & Ownership

4. Clone before move ||: Closures in view! capture by move. Clone strings/vecs BEFORE the closure:

   let label = item.label.clone();
   let id = item.id;
   view! { <span on:click=move |_| select(id)>{label}</span> }
   

5. Unused signal half: If you only use the setter, prefix the reader: let (_read, set_read) = signal(...). Otherwise rustc warns.

6. set_value.set() returns (): Signal setters return unit — you cannot chain operations like .set(x).set(y).

Reactivity

7. get() creates tracking: Every .get() in a move || closure creates a reactive dependency. The closure re-runs when ANY tracked signal changes. Use .get_untracked() when you don't want re-renders.

8. No built-in memoization: Leptos 0.7 signals don't memoize. If you need it, use Memo::new(move |_| ...) explicitly.

9. Reactive lists clone everything: {move || signal.get().into_iter().map(...)} clones the entire Vec on every change. For large lists, consider <For> component or manual diffing.

WASM-Specific

10. No reqwest: Use web_sys::Request + wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture for HTTP.

11. No tokio::spawn: WASM is single-threaded. Use leptos::task::spawn_local for all async work.

12. serde_wasm_bindgen::from_value(): Converting JsValue to Rust types requires serde_wasm_bindgen, NOT regular serde_json. Easy to confuse.

13. WebSocket URL from HTTP: Replace protocol manually: .replace("http://", "ws://").replace("https://", "wss://"). No built-in helper.

14. Closure::wrap(...).forget(): WebSocket/event handlers must use Closure::wrap(Box::new(move |...| {...})) then .forget() to prevent Rust from dropping the closure while JS still references it. This intentionally leaks memory — it's the correct pattern for long-lived handlers.

15. gloo_timers for delays: Use gloo_timers::future::TimeoutFuture::new(ms).await inside spawn_local instead of raw setTimeout via web_sys.

State Management

16. StoredValue for non-Send types: FluentBundle has RefCell (not Send+Sync). Use StoredValue<T, LocalStorage> and access via .with_value(|v| {...}). Safe because WASM is single-threaded.

17. Rc<RefCell<>> for shared mutable non-reactive state: WebSocket handles and other JS interop objects live in Rc<RefCell<Option<T>>> because they can't be Leptos signals.

18. expect_context() panics: If the context provider isn't an ancestor, expect_context::<T>() panics at runtime with an unhelpful error. Use use_context::<T>() (returns Option) if the context might not exist.

Effects & Lifecycle

19. Effect::new() runs after mount: Effects run AFTER the component renders, not during. Critical setup (WebSocket connections, timers) happens in Effect bodies, not at component top-level.

20. No automatic cleanup: Leptos 0.7 doesn't auto-cleanup WebSocket connections or intervals. Use on_cleanup(|| {...}) if you need teardown logic, or the connection leaks.

DOM & Events

21. event_target_value(&ev): Built-in helper for text input values. No built-in equivalent for checkboxes — write your own event_target_checked():

    fn event_target_checked(ev: &web_sys::Event) -> bool {
        ev.target().unwrap().dyn_into::<web_sys::HtmlInputElement>().unwrap().checked()
    }
    

22. NodeRef requires casting: NodeRef gives you a generic HtmlElement. For specific DOM operations (.set_scroll_top(), .focus()), cast via let el: &web_sys::HtmlElement = &*node_ref.get().unwrap();

23. Drag-and-drop is manual: No built-in DnD. Use dual signals — one for the dragged item ID, one for the drop target — with on:dragstart, on:dragover, on:drop handlers.

Data Flow

24. Optimistic UI has no rollback: When updating local state then calling the API, there's no automatic rollback on failure. If you update signals optimistically, handle the error case:

    let prev = data.get_untracked();
    set_data.set(new_value);
    spawn_local(async move {
        if let Err(e) = api::save(new_value).await {
            set_data.set(prev);  // rollback
            set_error.set(Some(e));
        }
    });
    

25. Unbounded signal growth: Signals holding Vec<T> (terminal output, logs) grow without limit. Cap manually:

    set_lines.update(|lines| {
        lines.push(new_line);
        if lines.len() > 2000 { lines.drain(..lines.len() - 2000); }
    });
    

26. on_cleanup requires Send + Sync: Leptos on_cleanup(|| {...}) requires the closure to be Send + Sync, but Rc<RefCell<>> and Rc<Cell<>> are not. Since WASM is single-threaded, wrap with send_wrapper::SendWrapper:

    let ws_ref_cleanup = send_wrapper::SendWrapper::new(ws_ref.clone());
    on_cleanup(move || {
        if let Some(ws) = ws_ref_cleanup.borrow().as_ref() {
            ws.close().ok();
        }
    });
    

    Gotcha within the gotcha: SendWrapper implements Deref AND has its own .take() method that unwraps the SendWrapper itself. If you have SendWrapper<Rc<Cell<Option<T>>>> and call .take(), you get the Rc back, NOT Cell::take(). Use explicit deref: (*wrapper).take() to reach the Cell.