lang-migration

name	lang-migration
description	AI-driven full-project language migration skill. Use this skill whenever the user wants to port, translate, or rewrite a codebase from one programming language to another — including Python→Rust, Python→Go, Python→C, Python→C++, Python→Zig, Python→Bun/TS, or any other pair. Also trigger when user mentions "精确复刻", "语言迁移", "port project", "translate codebase", "1:1 rewrite", or "language conversion". This skill enforces structural equivalence first, full asset coverage (no file skipped), persistent YAML state across sessions, and a strict no-mock verification policy with human-gated blocking.
license	MIT

Author & Attribution

Original Author: flynn
Contact: https://github.com/suifei/lang-migration-skill
Role: Architect, Developer, Documenter
Expertise: Software engineering, programming languages, AI workflow design
Contributions: Designed the multi-phase pipeline, defined YAML schemas, implemented blocking protocol, and wrote comprehensive documentation for the skill.

---

Language Migration Skill

A systematic, multi-session, AI-executable workflow for migrating any open-source project from one programming language to another with 1:1 structural fidelity.

Core Principles

1. No file is useless — every file in the source project is analyzed and assigned a migration strategy
2. Structural equivalence first — algorithm steps, loop structure, and control flow must mirror the source; behavioral equivalence is only used when the ecosystem gap makes structural impossible
3. No mock, ever — tests must use real implementations and real test data
4. Block, don't skip — when a decision cannot be made autonomously, stop and ask the human; never label-and-continue
5. State persists across sessions — all state lives in YAML files in the workspace, readable by any AI agent or human
6. Evidence before completion — every unit of work must produce verifiable evidence of execution before being marked done

---

Global Anti-Cheating Policy

This skill operates under the assumption that an AI agent may attempt to mark tasks complete without actually doing the work. Every phase has mechanisms to detect and prevent this.

The Three Forms of AI Task Fraud (all prohibited):

Form	Example	Detection
Batch fabrication	Scripts generate IPO content without reading source	source_lines field will be wrong/empty
Silent bulk-confirm	NEEDS_REVIEW → CONFIRMED without evidence	confirmation_evidence field empty
Premature phase advance	Marking P3 DONE when entries have empty fields	Self-verification checks fail

Evidence Requirements by Phase:

Phase	Required Evidence
P2	confirmation_evidence block per CONFIRMED entry
P3	READ_EVIDENCE + BEHAVIOR_PROOF per function; source_lines in every step; source_line on every magic number; in full_mode, structural READ_EVIDENCE fields must match ast-index.yaml (machine truth)
P4	Compilation succeeds; IPO entry updated with target_lines; every fix triggers TDD Retrospective; if AST skeletons were used, zero TODO(migrate) markers remain (PGR-4-F)
P5	TEST OUTPUT EVIDENCE (actual runner output, not just "tests pass"); every fix triggers TDD Retrospective; full suite re-run after each fix; Checklist Summary at phase end
Fix	retrospective-checklist.yaml entry with RCA → scope_scan_query (defined BEFORE scan) → scope scan results → consistent fix (see tdd-retrospective.md)
PGR	Full audit report output in response listing every item checked; each FINDING citing exact artifact (file path, field, value); each FIXED citing same artifact after change; findings_count: 0 proven by enumerated item list; phase_gates.PGR_N.passed_at timestamp set only after zero-findings pass

TDD Retrospective Integration

The Retrospective Protocol is mandatory at every fix point:

• Trigger: Compilation error, vet failure, structural deviation, test failure
• Steps: RCA (root cause analysis) → Checklist rule → Scope scan → Consistent fix
• Output: Entry in retrospective-checklist.yaml with root cause category and generalized rule
• Scope scan constraint: scope_scan_query MUST be written before scanning (prevents post-hoc bias)
• Impact: After each fix, full test suite is re-run; new failures each trigger independent retrospectives

See Retrospective Protocol below and references/tdd-retrospective.md.

Self-Verification is not optional. Each phase that has a Self-Verification Protocol must run it and output the report before advancing. The report must appear in the AI's response — not silently written to a file.

The AI must never say "done" without evidence. "I have completed X" is not a valid completion statement without accompanying evidence artifacts.

---

Environment Detection

This skill runs in Claude Code, Cursor, OpenCode, or GitHub Copilot. At session start, detect the environment:

IF bash tool is available AND can write files → full_mode (Claude Code / OpenCode)
IF only file editing available → editor_mode (Cursor / Copilot)

In full_mode: use bash scripts for scanning, run scan_assets.py directly; run the AST Bridge toolchain scripts/ast_bridge.py (doctor/index/verify/skeleton/todos) per references/ast-bridge.md. In editor_mode: generate file lists manually by reading directory structure; instruct user to run scripts manually if needed. If the editor agent CAN execute terminal commands (e.g., Cursor agent mode), treat it as full_mode.

Workspace location: Always at the project root, in a directory called migration_workspace/.

<project-root>/
├── <source_code>/          ← original project (read-only, never modify)
├── <target_code>/          ← translated output (created by this skill)
└── migration_workspace/
    ├── migration-state.yaml      ← SESSION ENTRY POINT: read this first every session
    ├── asset-inventory.yaml
    ├── ecosystem-map.yaml
    ├── ipo-registry.yaml
    ├── retrospective-checklist.yaml
    ├── ast-index.yaml            ← derived (full_mode): machine truth from scripts/ast_bridge.py
    ├── skeleton-map.yaml         ← derived (full_mode): Stage 2 skeleton↔IPO mapping
    └── runtime-access-trace.yaml ← derived (full_mode): observed file access from scripts/trace_runtime.py

---

Session Start Protocol

Every time you start a new session, do this first — no exceptions:

1. Check if migration_workspace/migration-state.yaml exists

   • YES → read it, understand current phase and current_task, resume from there
   • NO → this is a new project, run P0 Bootstrap

2. Read current_task block. If status: BLOCKED, present the block to the user immediately and wait for their input before doing anything else.

2b. Check phase gate consistency: For every phase marked DONE in the phases block, verify the corresponding phase_gates.PGR_N.passed_at is non-empty. If a phase is DONE but passed_at is empty, the PGR was not completed. Re-run PGR-N for that phase before advancing to the next phase. Load references/phase-gate-review.md for the audit criteria.

3. Check if the user's opening message is a status/gap question:

   • Triggers: "还差什么", "进度怎样", "gap report", "show status", "还有哪些", "差多少", "完成了多少"
   • If YES → run P6 Gap Report immediately, output the summary to the user, then ask how to proceed
   • If NO → continue to step 4

4. Load the language pair module: references/lang-pairs/<source>-<target>.md

5. Proceed with the current phase.

---

Five-Phase Pipeline

P0 Bootstrap          → Initialize workspace, detect language pair, load lang-pair module
P1 Asset Scan         → Inventory every file, assign migration strategy
P2 Ecosystem Mapping  → Map all imports/types/stdlib to target equivalents, identify gaps
P3 IPO Analysis       → Document every function: Inputs, Process (incl. magic numbers), Outputs
P4 Translation        → Translate function by function using IPO registry + ecosystem map
P5 Verification       → Structural review + real-data behavioral tests (no mock)
P6 Gap Report         → Multi-dimensional completeness audit (invoke at any time)

Each phase has a detailed reference file. Load it when entering that phase:

Phase	Reference File
P0	references/phase-0-bootstrap.md
P1	references/phase-1-asset-scan.md
P2	references/phase-2-ecosystem-map.md
P3	references/phase-3-ipo-analysis.md
P4	references/phase-4-translation.md
P5	references/phase-5-verification.md
P6	references/phase-6-gap-report.md
Fix	references/tdd-retrospective.md ← mandatory on every fix in P4/P5
PGR	references/phase-gate-review.md ← mandatory between every phase transition
AST	references/ast-bridge.md ← tree-sitter integration: REQUIRED in full_mode at P3 entry (AST Index); RECOMMENDED at P4 entry (Skeleton Transform)

---

Phase Gate Review Protocol (PGR)

A phase is not complete when the AI says it is complete. A phase is complete when PGR-N passes with zero findings.

After every phase finishes, the AI enters an autonomous self-auditing loop before advancing to the next phase. This loop requires no human involvement.

Updated Pipeline with PGR Gates

P0 Bootstrap → [PGR-0] → P1 Asset Scan → [PGR-1] → P2 Ecosystem Map → [PGR-2]
    → P3 IPO Analysis → [PGR-3] → P4 Translation → [PGR-4] → P5 Verification → [PGR-5] → DONE

How PGR Works

Each PGR-N runs an enumerate → audit → fix → re-audit loop:

1. Enumerate — list every expected output of the completed phase
2. Audit — check each output against phase-specific criteria; record any FINDING with artifact evidence
3. Tally — if findings_count == 0, advance; if findings_count > 0, proceed to Fix
4. Fix — fix each FINDING autonomously; record artifact evidence of each fix
5. Re-audit — return to Step 1 (full re-enumeration required after every fix pass)
6. Pass — when zero findings: set phase_gates.PGR_N.status: PASSED; only then set phases.PN_xxx: DONE

Core Rule

The phase status DONE in migration-state.yaml must NEVER be set directly at the end of a phase. It is only set by PGR-N as the final action of a passed audit. Any session that finds a phase marked DONE without a corresponding phase_gates.PGR_N.passed_at timestamp must re-run PGR-N before advancing (see Session Start Protocol).

PGR Reference

Gate	Triggered After	Reference
PGR-0	P0 Bootstrap	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-0
PGR-1	P1 Asset Scan	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-1
PGR-2	P2 Ecosystem Map	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-2
PGR-3	P3 IPO Analysis	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-3
PGR-4	P4 Translation	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-4
PGR-5	P5 Verification	references/phase-gate-review.md#pgr-5

For the full protocol including per-phase audit criteria, finding formats, and anti-cheating rules, see: references/phase-gate-review.md

---

P0 Bootstrap (New Project)

When migration-state.yaml does not exist:

1. Ask the user:

   • Source language and directory path
   • Target language
   • Any known constraints or priorities

2. Determine language pair key (e.g., python-rust). If the file references/lang-pairs/<pair>.md does not exist, load references/lang-pairs/TEMPLATE.md and tell the user this pair needs a new module — offer to draft one before continuing.

3. Copy all five template files from templates/ into migration_workspace/:

   • migration-state.yaml → fill in meta block
   • asset-inventory.yaml → empty, ready for P1
   • ecosystem-map.yaml → empty, ready for P2
   • ipo-registry.yaml → empty, ready for P3
   • retrospective-checklist.yaml → empty, ready for first P4/P5 fix

4. Set phases.P0_bootstrap: DONE and phases.P1_asset_scan: IN_PROGRESS

5. Immediately proceed to P1.

---

Blocking Protocol

When you cannot proceed without a human decision:

1. Write to migration-state.yaml:

   current_task:
     status: BLOCKED
     block_reason: "<specific reason>"
     human_input_required: "<exact question for the human>"
   

2. Output to the user:

   ⛔ BLOCKED — Human decision required
   
   Phase: <phase>
   Item: <item_id>
   
   Problem: <what cannot be resolved automatically>
   
   Required decision: <specific question>
   
   Options considered:
     A) <option with trade-off>
     B) <option with trade-off>
   
   Please reply with your decision and I will continue.
   

3. Stop. Do not proceed to any other task.

---

Progress Reporting

After completing any task unit, update migration-state.yaml and output a brief status line:

✅ [P2] numpy.float64 → f64 (behavioral, precision gap noted)
⛔ [P2] numpy.random.default_rng → BLOCKED (see above)
🔄 [P3] entropy.py::calculate_entropy → IPO documented

At the end of each session, output a summary:

Session Summary
  Phase: P2 Ecosystem Mapping
  Completed this session: 12 entries
  Remaining: 34 entries
  Blocked: 1 (awaiting your decision on numpy RNG)
  Next session: resume P2 from item "scipy.stats.entropy"

---

YAML Schema Reference

For full field definitions of all five YAML files, see: references/schemas.md

---

Retrospective Protocol

In P5, every test failure or structural deviation must pass through the Bug Triage Protocol first (see references/phase-5-verification.md) before any fix is applied. Triage classifies the failure into one of five verdicts — only CONFIRMED_TRANSLATION_ERROR proceeds to a code fix; the other verdicts resolve in the integration layer, caller, or test without touching the translated function.

After a fix is applied (any phase), the TDD Retrospective Protocol is mandatory. A fix without a retrospective is a local patch. A fix with a retrospective is a systemic improvement.

See references/tdd-retrospective.md for the full protocol.

Why Root Cause, Not Phenomenon?

Traditional bug tracking records what failed:

test_loop_tool_order FAILED
Expected execution order: [search, read, write]
Actual order: [write, read, search]

This documents a symptom. The same underlying problem will manifest differently next time.

The retrospective records structural root causes:

Root cause: ecosystem_gap_unapplied
Problem: Python dict preserves insertion order (3.7+). IPO registry documented this gap
and specified IndexMap/[]Entry as compensation. Translation used map[K]V, silently losing order.

When the next function translates a Python dict, the AI can check the retrospective before translating, preventing the error instead of fixing it after failure.

Each migration's lessons become infrastructure for the next migration of the same language pair.

Core Design Principles

1. Root Cause Categories

Twelve predefined categories force abstract thinking:

• ecosystem_gap_unapplied — known gap was not applied
• semantic_contract_lost — implicit contract not preserved
• invariant_not_transferred — inferred invariant missing
• magic_number_decontextualized — constant without context
• control_flow_collapsed — IPO steps merged/reordered
• error_class_narrowed — specific exception generalized
• side_effect_dropped — documented side effect missing
• ipo_source_lines_wrong — P3 analysis based on wrong lines
• test_fixture_mismatch — fixture format changed
• consumer_error — bug is in caller/test, not translated function; fix consumer only
• source_faithful_behavior — behavior matches source; test assumption was wrong; annotate, don't fix
• implicit_capability_assumption — source design relied on consumer having inference ability (e.g. strong LLM) that the target consumer lacks; fix in integration layer, not in translated function
• other — describe if no category fits

Each fix produces exactly ONE entry with ONE category. No category hopping.

The last three categories (consumer_error, source_faithful_behavior, implicit_capability_assumption) resolve without changing the translated function. They require a retrospective entry but do not trigger scope scan for code fixes.

2. Scope Scan: Query BEFORE Execution

Mandatory rule: Define scope_scan_query before scanning.

This prevents LLM cheating patterns like:

• Scan codebase → observe results → retroactively define "the scope that matches findings"

Example:

Root cause: dict insertion-order dependency not preserved

scope_scan_query: "grep -rn 'map\[string\]' internal/ --include='*.go'"
(The query is written BEFORE executing the grep. It appears in the retrospective entry.)

The query is your prediction of where the root cause manifests. If results don't match predictions, it's a signal that the root cause analysis was incomplete.

3. Consistent Fix Across All Instances

Scope scan identifies all instances with the same root cause. All are fixed simultaneously using the same fix strategy. This prevents:

• The bug reappearing in a file not yet reviewed
• Maintenance inconsistency (same bug, different fixes in different places)

After scope fix, full test suite is re-run (not just the failing test). Any new failures trigger independent retrospectives — they are not merged.

4. Ecosystem Map Auto-Update

Flag ecosystem_map_update_required: true in the retrospective entry triggers automatic update to ecosystem-map.yaml at phase-end.

Example:

• P4: dict ordering bug found, fixed, retrospective entry created
• Entry sets ecosystem_map_update_required: true
• P4 end: ecosystem map updated with stronger guidance
• Next migration benefits — same class of error is harder to commit

Checklist Summary (Phase-End Report)

At the END of P4 and P5, output a Checklist Summary:

RETROSPECTIVE CHECKLIST SUMMARY (end of P5):
  total_rca_entries:          24
  total_instances_found:      67
  total_instances_fixed:      64
  instances_deferred:         3

Most common root cause categories:
  1. ecosystem_gap_unapplied         (9 entries)   → suggests ecosystem map gaps
  2. semantic_contract_lost          (6 entries)   → suggests IPO analysis depth issue
  3. magic_number_decontextualized   (4 entries)   → suggests naming discipline

Ecosystem map updates applied: 3
  - dict iteration order guidance strengthened
  - float precision rules clarified
  - exception mapping for stdlib errors expanded

Next language pair migration of python→go should consult these 24 entries
before beginning translation — prevents category-1 errors upfront.

This summary is the handoff to the next migration team or agent.

Integration with P4/P5

P4 Trigger:

Compilation/vet error found
  ↓
Fix applied
  ↓
Trigger: Retrospective Protocol
  ↓
RCA → Checklist rule → Scope scan query → Scope scan → Consistent fix
  ↓
Resume P4 from next file

P5 Trigger:

Structural deviation or test failure found
  ↓
Bug Triage (T1 → T2 → T3)  ← MANDATORY before any fix
  ↓
  ├─ SOURCE_FAITHFUL          → annotate target code; fix test; no code change
  ├─ CONSUMER_ERROR           → fix caller/test only; no code change
  ├─ IMPLICIT_CAPABILITY      → fix integration layer only; no code change
  ├─ ECOSYSTEM_DIFFERENCE     → verify compensation; may update test expectation
  └─ CONFIRMED_TRANSLATION_ERROR
       ↓
     Fix applied
       ↓
     Trigger: Retrospective Protocol
       ↓
     RCA → Checklist rule → Scope scan query → Scope scan → Consistent fix
       ↓
     Full test suite re-run (not just failing test)
       ↓
     If new failures: each triggers independent retrospective
       ↓
     Resume P5 from next function

For detailed protocol, see: references/tdd-retrospective.md