Protocol Compliance: All server logic must strictly follow the Model Context Protocol (MCP) specification. Reference MCP docs and LLMs integration guide.

Transport Abstraction: Implement transport-agnostic logic. Use interfaces and dependency injection for HTTP, STDIO, or custom transports.

Service Layer: Encapsulate business logic in service classes. Each service should be stateless, testable, and expose clear async methods for protocol operations.

Schema Validation: Use zod for all input/output validation. Define schemas for requests, responses, and errors. Validate at the transport boundary.

Error Handling: Centralize error handling. Return MCP-compliant error objects with descriptive messages and codes.

Manifest & Tooling: Expose a manifest endpoint/tool for host integration. Manifest must declare all supported operations, schemas, and metadata.

Extensibility: Design for easy addition of new tools/operations. Use a registry or factory pattern for tool handlers.

Testing: Use Vitest for all tests. Place tests in tests/ and cover protocol, service, and transport logic.

Logging: Use a configurable logger. Avoid console.log for STDIO servers; use structured logging and log levels.

Async/Await: All operations must be async.

Type Safety: Use TypeScript interfaces and types for all protocol objects.

Configuration: Use environment variables and config files for secrets, endpoints, and options.

Documentation: Document all public classes, methods, and schemas.

Tool Implementation Patterns

Tool Registration: Register each tool in a central registry or manifest. Use a factory or mapping to resolve tool handlers by name.

Tool Handler Structure: Implement each tool as a class or function with a clear async run or execute method. Accept validated input, return structured output.

Schema-Driven: Define input/output schemas with zod. Validate all tool calls at runtime.

Error Propagation: Catch errors in tool handlers and return MCP-compliant error objects.

Resource Access: For resource tools (e.g., collections, bookmarks), encapsulate resource logic in dedicated service classes. Use dependency injection for external APIs.

Declarative Manifest: Ensure all tools and resources are declared in the manifest with their schemas, descriptions, and metadata.

Isolation: Tools should be stateless and not share mutable state. Use context objects for per-request data.

Extensibility: New tools/resources should be easy to add by implementing a handler and updating the manifest/registry.

References