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This skill guides you through creating custom external web service APIs for Moodle LMS, following Moodle's external API framework and coding standards.
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| name | moodle-external-api-development |
| description | This skill guides you through creating custom external web service APIs for Moodle LMS, following Moodle's external API framework and coding standards. |
| type | skill |
| created | 2026-02-27T00:00:00.000Z |
| domain | productivity |
| category | developer-experience |
| risk | unknown |
| source | community |
| tags | ["skill","productivity","developer-experience","moodle","external","api"] |
This skill guides you through creating custom external web service APIs for Moodle LMS, following Moodle's external API framework and coding standards.
Moodle external APIs follow a strict three-method pattern:
execute_parameters() - Defines input parameter structureexecute() - Contains business logicexecute_returns() - Defines return structureLocation: /local/yourplugin/classes/external/your_api_name.php
<?php
namespace local_yourplugin\external;
defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
require_once("$CFG->libdir/externallib.php");
use external_api;
use external_function_parameters;
use external_single_structure;
use external_value;
class your_api_name extends external_api {
// Three required methods will go here
}
Key Points:
external_apilocal_pluginname\external or mod_modname\externaldefined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();public static function execute_parameters() {
return new external_function_parameters([
'userid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'User ID', VALUE_REQUIRED),
'courseid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Course ID', VALUE_REQUIRED),
'options' => new external_single_structure([
'includedetails' => new external_value(PARAM_BOOL, 'Include details', VALUE_DEFAULT, false),
'limit' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Result limit', VALUE_DEFAULT, 10)
], 'Options', VALUE_OPTIONAL)
]);
}
Common Parameter Types:
PARAM_INT - IntegersPARAM_TEXT - Plain text (HTML stripped)PARAM_RAW - Raw text (no cleaning)PARAM_BOOL - Boolean valuesPARAM_FLOAT - Floating point numbersPARAM_ALPHANUMEXT - Alphanumeric with extended charsStructures:
external_value - Single valueexternal_single_structure - Object with named fieldsexternal_multiple_structure - Array of itemsValue Flags:
VALUE_REQUIRED - Parameter must be providedVALUE_OPTIONAL - Parameter is optionalVALUE_DEFAULT, defaultvalue - Optional with defaultpublic static function execute($userid, $courseid, $options = []) {
global $DB, $USER;
// 1. Validate parameters
$params = self::validate_parameters(self::execute_parameters(), [
'userid' => $userid,
'courseid' => $courseid,
'options' => $options
]);
// 2. Check permissions/capabilities
$context = \context_course::instance($params['courseid']);
self::validate_context($context);
require_capability('moodle/course:view', $context);
// 3. Verify user access
if ($params['userid'] != $USER->id) {
require_capability('moodle/course:viewhiddenactivities', $context);
}
// 4. Database operations
$sql = "SELECT id, name, timecreated
FROM {your_table}
WHERE userid = :userid
AND courseid = :courseid
LIMIT :limit";
$records = $DB->get_records_sql($sql, [
'userid' => $params['userid'],
'courseid' => $params['courseid'],
'limit' => $params['options']['limit']
]);
// 5. Process and return data
$results = [];
foreach ($records as $record) {
$results[] = [
'id' => $record->id,
'name' => $record->name,
'timestamp' => $record->timecreated
];
}
return [
'items' => $results,
'count' => count($results)
];
}
Critical Steps:
validate_parameters()validate_context()require_capability()public static function execute_returns() {
return new external_single_structure([
'items' => new external_multiple_structure(
new external_single_structure([
'id' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Item ID'),
'name' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, 'Item name'),
'timestamp' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Creation time')
])
),
'count' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Total items')
]);
}
Return Structure Rules:
execute() returnsLocation: /local/yourplugin/db/services.php
<?php
defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
$functions = [
'local_yourplugin_your_api_name' => [
'classname' => 'local_yourplugin\external\your_api_name',
'methodname' => 'execute',
'classpath' => 'local/yourplugin/classes/external/your_api_name.php',
'description' => 'Brief description of what this API does',
'type' => 'read', // or 'write'
'ajax' => true,
'capabilities'=> 'moodle/course:view', // comma-separated if multiple
'services' => [MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE] // Optional
],
];
$services = [
'Your Plugin Web Service' => [
'functions' => [
'local_yourplugin_your_api_name'
],
'restrictedusers' => 0,
'enabled' => 1
]
];
Service Registration Keys:
classname - Full namespaced class namemethodname - Always 'execute'type - 'read' (SELECT) or 'write' (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)ajax - Set true for AJAX/REST accesscapabilities - Required Moodle capabilitiesservices - Optional service bundlesprivate static function log_debug($message) {
global $CFG;
$logdir = $CFG->dataroot . '/local_yourplugin';
if (!file_exists($logdir)) {
mkdir($logdir, 0777, true);
}
$debuglog = $logdir . '/api_debug.log';
$timestamp = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
file_put_contents($debuglog, "[$timestamp] $message\n", FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
}
public static function execute($userid, $courseid) {
global $DB;
try {
self::log_debug("API called: userid=$userid, courseid=$courseid");
// Validate parameters
$params = self::validate_parameters(self::execute_parameters(), [
'userid' => $userid,
'courseid' => $courseid
]);
// Your logic here
self::log_debug("API completed successfully");
return $result;
} catch (\invalid_parameter_exception $e) {
self::log_debug("Parameter validation failed: " . $e->getMessage());
throw $e;
} catch (\moodle_exception $e) {
self::log_debug("Moodle exception: " . $e->getMessage());
throw $e;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
// Log detailed error info
$lastsql = method_exists($DB, 'get_last_sql') ? $DB->get_last_sql() : '[N/A]';
self::log_debug("Fatal error: " . $e->getMessage());
self::log_debug("Last SQL: " . $lastsql);
self::log_debug("Stack trace: " . $e->getTraceAsString());
throw $e;
}
}
Error Handling Best Practices:
// Transaction example
$transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
try {
// Insert record
$recordid = $DB->insert_record('your_table', $dataobject);
// Update related records
$DB->set_field('another_table', 'status', 1, ['recordid' => $recordid]);
// Commit transaction
$transaction->allow_commit();
} catch (\Exception $e) {
$transaction->rollback($e);
throw $e;
}
// Create course module
$moduleid = $DB->get_field('modules', 'id', ['name' => 'quiz'], MUST_EXIST);
$cm = new \stdClass();
$cm->course = $courseid;
$cm->module = $moduleid;
$cm->instance = 0; // Will be updated after activity creation
$cm->visible = 1;
$cm->groupmode = 0;
$cmid = add_course_module($cm);
// Create activity instance (e.g., quiz)
$quiz = new \stdClass();
$quiz->course = $courseid;
$quiz->name = 'My Quiz';
$quiz->coursemodule = $cmid;
// ... other quiz fields ...
$quizid = quiz_add_instance($quiz, null);
// Update course module with instance ID
$DB->set_field('course_modules', 'instance', $quizid, ['id' => $cmid]);
course_add_cm_to_section($courseid, $cmid, 0);
// Restrict activity to specific user via group
$groupname = 'activity_' . $activityid . '_user_' . $userid;
// Create or get group
if (!$groupid = $DB->get_field('groups', 'id', ['courseid' => $courseid, 'name' => $groupname])) {
$groupdata = (object)[
'courseid' => $courseid,
'name' => $groupname,
'timecreated' => time(),
'timemodified' => time()
];
$groupid = $DB->insert_record('groups', $groupdata);
}
// Add user to group
if (!$DB->record_exists('groups_members', ['groupid' => $groupid, 'userid' => $userid])) {
$DB->insert_record('groups_members', (object)[
'groupid' => $groupid,
'userid' => $userid,
'timeadded' => time()
]);
}
// Set availability condition
$restriction = [
'op' => '&',
'show' => false,
'c' => [
[
'type' => 'group',
'id' => $groupid
]
],
'showc' => [false]
];
$DB->set_field('course_modules', 'availability', json_encode($restriction), ['id' => $cmid]);
private static function get_random_questions($categoryid, $tagname, $limit) {
global $DB;
$sql = "SELECT q.id
FROM {question} q
INNER JOIN {question_versions} qv ON qv.questionid = q.id
INNER JOIN {question_bank_entries} qbe ON qbe.id = qv.questionbankentryid
INNER JOIN {question_categories} qc ON qc.id = qbe.questioncategoryid
JOIN {tag_instance} ti ON ti.itemid = q.id
JOIN {tag} t ON t.id = ti.tagid
WHERE LOWER(t.name) = :tagname
AND qc.id = :categoryid
AND ti.itemtype = 'question'
AND q.qtype = 'multichoice'";
$qids = $DB->get_fieldset_sql($sql, [
'categoryid' => $categoryid,
'tagname' => strtolower($tagname)
]);
shuffle($qids);
return array_slice($qids, 0, $limit);
}
# Get token first
curl -X POST "https://yourmoodle.com/login/token.php" \
-d "username=admin" \
-d "password=yourpassword" \
-d "service=moodle_mobile_app"
# Call your API
curl -X POST "https://yourmoodle.com/webservice/rest/server.php" \
-d "wstoken=YOUR_TOKEN" \
-d "wsfunction=local_yourplugin_your_api_name" \
-d "moodlewsrestformat=json" \
-d "userid=2" \
-d "courseid=3"
require(['core/ajax'], function(ajax) {
var promises = ajax.call([{
methodname: 'local_yourplugin_your_api_name',
args: {
userid: 2,
courseid: 3
}
}]);
promises[0].done(function(response) {
console.log('Success:', response);
}).fail(function(error) {
console.error('Error:', error);
});
});
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
:paramname)get_record(), get_records(), etc.Solution:
self::validate_context($context) early in execute()Solution:
$CFG->dataroot/local_yourplugin/$DB->set_debug(true)local/yourplugin/
├── version.php # Plugin version and metadata
├── db/
│ ├── services.php # External service definitions
│ └── access.php # Capability definitions (optional)
├── classes/
│ └── external/
│ ├── your_api_name.php # External API implementation
│ └── another_api.php # Additional APIs
├── lang/
│ └── en/
│ └── local_yourplugin.php # Language strings
└── tests/
└── external_test.php # Unit tests (optional but recommended)
<?php
namespace local_userlog\external;
defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
require_once("$CFG->libdir/externallib.php");
use external_api;
use external_function_parameters;
use external_single_structure;
use external_value;
class get_quiz_attempts extends external_api {
public static function execute_parameters() {
return new external_function_parameters([
'userid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'User ID'),
'courseid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Course ID')
]);
}
public static function execute($userid, $courseid) {
global $DB;
self::validate_parameters(self::execute_parameters(), [
'userid' => $userid,
'courseid' => $courseid
]);
$sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS quiz_attempts
FROM {quiz_attempts} qa
JOIN {quiz} q ON qa.quiz = q.id
WHERE qa.userid = :userid AND q.course = :courseid";
$attempts = $DB->get_field_sql($sql, [
'userid' => $userid,
'courseid' => $courseid
]);
return ['quiz_attempts' => (int)$attempts];
}
public static function execute_returns() {
return new external_single_structure([
'quiz_attempts' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, 'Total number of quiz attempts')
]);
}
}
See attached create_quiz_from_categories.php for a comprehensive example including:
| Table | Purpose |
|---|---|
{user} | User accounts |
{course} | Courses |
{course_modules} | Activity instances in courses |
{modules} | Available activity types (quiz, forum, etc.) |
{quiz} | Quiz configurations |
{quiz_attempts} | Quiz attempt records |
{question} | Question bank |
{question_categories} | Question categories |
{grade_items} | Gradebook items |
{grade_grades} | Student grades |
{groups} | Course groups |
{groups_members} | Group memberships |
{logstore_standard_log} | Activity logs |
validate_parameters()