output-error-nondeterminism

name	output-error-nondeterminism
description	Fix non-determinism errors in Output SDK workflows. Use when seeing replay failures, inconsistent results between runs, "non-deterministic" error messages, or workflows behaving differently on retry.
allowed-tools	["Bash","Read"]

Fix Non-Determinism Errors

Overview

This skill helps diagnose and fix non-determinism errors in Output SDK workflows. Workflows must be deterministic because Temporal may replay them during recovery or retries, and the replay must produce identical results.

When to Use This Skill

You're seeing:

• "non-deterministic" error messages
• Replay failures after workflow restart
• Inconsistent results between runs with same input
• Errors during workflow recovery
• Warnings about determinism violations

Root Cause

Temporal workflows must be deterministic: given the same input, they must always execute the same sequence of operations. This is because Temporal replays workflow history to recover state after crashes or restarts.

Non-deterministic operations break this replay mechanism because they produce different values each time.

Common Causes and Solutions

1. Math.random()

Problem: Random values differ on each execution.

// WRONG: Non-deterministic
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const id = Math.random().toString( 36 );  // Different each time!
    return await processWithId( { id } );
  }
} );

Solution: Pass random values as workflow input or generate in a step.

// Option 1: Pass as input
export default workflow( {
  inputSchema: z.object( {
    id: z.string()  // Generate ID before calling workflow
  } ),
  fn: async input => {
    return await processWithId( { id: input.id } );
  }
} );

// Option 2: Generate in a step (steps can be non-deterministic)
export const generateId = step( {
  name: 'generateId',
  fn: async () => ( { id: Math.random().toString( 36 ) } )
} );

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const { id } = await generateId( {} );
    return await processWithId( { id } );
  }
} );

2. Date.now() / new Date()

Problem: Timestamps change between executions.

// WRONG: Non-deterministic
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const timestamp = Date.now();  // Different each replay!
    return await logEvent( { timestamp } );
  }
} );

Solution: Pass timestamps as input or use Temporal's time API.

// Option 1: Pass as input
export default workflow( {
  inputSchema: z.object( {
    timestamp: z.number()
  } ),
  fn: async input => {
    return await logEvent( { timestamp: input.timestamp } );
  }
} );

// Option 2: Generate in a step
export const getTimestamp = step( {
  name: 'getTimestamp',
  fn: async () => ( { timestamp: Date.now() } )
} );

3. crypto.randomUUID()

Problem: UUIDs differ each execution.

// WRONG: Non-deterministic
import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const requestId = randomUUID();  // Different each time!
    return await makeRequest( { requestId } );
  }
} );

Solution: Generate UUIDs as input or in steps.

// Correct: Generate in step
export const generateRequestId = step( {
  name: 'generateRequestId',
  fn: async () => {
    const { randomUUID } = await import( 'crypto' );
    return { requestId: randomUUID() };
  }
} );

4. Dynamic Imports

Problem: Dynamic imports may resolve differently.

// WRONG: Non-deterministic import timing
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const module = await import( `./handlers/${input.type}` );
    return module.handle( input );
  }
} );

Solution: Use static imports and conditional logic.

// Correct: Static imports with conditional use
import { handleTypeA } from './handlers/typeA';
import { handleTypeB } from './handlers/typeB';

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    if ( input.type === 'A' ) {
      return await handleTypeA( input );
    } else {
      return await handleTypeB( input );
    }
  }
} );

5. Environment Variables

Problem: Environment may differ between replays.

// WRONG: Environment can change
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const apiUrl = process.env.API_URL;  // May differ on different workers
    return await callApi( { url: apiUrl } );
  }
} );

Solution: Pass configuration as input or use constants.

// Correct: Pass as input
export default workflow( {
  inputSchema: z.object( {
    apiUrl: z.string()
  } ),
  fn: async input => {
    return await callApi( { url: input.apiUrl } );
  }
} );

How to Find Non-Deterministic Code

Search for Common Patterns

# Find Math.random usage
grep -rn "Math.random" src/workflows/

# Find Date.now or new Date
grep -rn "Date.now\|new Date" src/workflows/

# Find crypto random functions
grep -rn "randomUUID\|randomBytes" src/workflows/

# Find dynamic imports
grep -rn "import(" src/workflows/

Review Workflow Files

Look at your workflow fn functions specifically. Non-deterministic code is only a problem in workflow functions, not in step functions.

Verification Steps

1. Fix the code using solutions above
2. Run the workflow: npx output workflow run <name> --input '<input>'
3. Run again with same input: Result should be identical
4. Check for errors: No "non-deterministic" messages

The Determinism Rule

Workflow functions must be deterministic:

• Same input = same execution path
• No side effects (network, filesystem, random values)
• Only orchestration logic and step calls

Step functions can be non-deterministic:

• Steps record their results in Temporal history
• Replays use recorded results, not re-execution
• All I/O should happen in steps

Debugging Tip

If unsure whether code is causing issues:

# Run the workflow
npx output workflow start my-workflow --input '{"input": "test"}'

# Get the workflow ID and run debug to see replay behavior
npx output workflow debug <workflowId> --json

Look for errors or warnings about non-determinism in the trace.

Related Issues

• For I/O in workflow code, see output-error-direct-io
• For random values needed in logic, generate them in steps or pass as input