multi-language-localization

Best practices for multi-language static websites with proper i18n and l10n support

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ソースの最終更新活動: 2026年4月16日 09:31
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name	multi-language-localization
description	Best practices for multi-language static websites with proper i18n and l10n support
license	Apache-2.0

Multi-Language Localization Skill

🔴 AI FIRST Quality Principle

Apply the AI FIRST principle: never accept first-pass quality. Minimum 2 iterations. Read all output, improve every section. No shortcuts.

Purpose

Implement proper internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) for static websites supporting multiple languages.

Core Principles

1. Language Declaration

<!-- ✅ Always declare language -->
<html lang="en">

<!-- For Swedish -->
<html lang="sv">

<!-- For Arabic (RTL) -->
<html lang="ar" dir="rtl">

2. File Structure

index.html       (en - English, default)
index_sv.html    (sv - Swedish)
index_da.html    (da - Danish)
index_no.html    (no - Norwegian)
index_fi.html    (fi - Finnish)
index_de.html    (de - German)
index_fr.html    (fr - French)
index_es.html    (es - Spanish)
index_nl.html    (nl - Dutch)
index_ar.html    (ar - Arabic, RTL)
index_he.html    (he - Hebrew, RTL)
index_ja.html    (ja - Japanese)
index_ko.html    (ko - Korean)
index_zh.html    (zh - Chinese)

3. Language Switcher

<nav aria-label="Language selection">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="index.html" hreflang="en">English</a></li>
    <li><a href="index_sv.html" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
    <li><a href="index_ar.html" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>

4. RTL Support

/* RTL-specific styles */
[dir="rtl"] .element {
  text-align: right;
  direction: rtl;
}

/* Use logical properties */
.element {
  margin-inline-start: 1rem;  /* Not margin-left */
  padding-inline-end: 1rem;   /* Not padding-right */
}

5. Cultural Considerations

Date formats (US: MM/DD/YYYY, EU: DD/MM/YYYY)
Number formats (1,000.00 vs 1.000,00)
Currency symbols
Text direction (LTR vs RTL)
Color meanings (cultural significance)

SEO Best Practices

Hreflang Tags

<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://example.com/index.html">
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://example.com/index_sv.html">
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://example.com/index.html">

Sitemap

<url>
  <loc>https://example.com/index.html</loc>
  <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://example.com/index_sv.html"/>
</url>

Testing

Native speaker review
RTL layout testing
Character encoding verification
Cultural appropriateness check
SEO validation (hreflang)

Remember

Native Speakers: Use professional translation
Cultural Context: Consider cultural differences
RTL Support: Test right-to-left languages
Consistent UX: Same experience across languages
SEO: Proper hreflang and sitemap

References

Number and Date Formatting (Production Data)

This section provides validated formatting from actual translated news articles (Feb 2026).

Number Formatting by Language

Thousands Separator and Decimal Point:

Language	Thousands	Decimal	Example	Usage
English (en)	comma (,)	period (.)	1,000.50	International standard
Swedish (sv)	space ( )	comma (,)	1 000,50	Official Swedish standard
German (de)	space ( ) or period (.)	comma (,)	1 000,50 or 1.000,50	Space preferred
French (fr)	space ( )	comma (,)	1 000,50	Official French standard
Spanish (es)	space ( ) or period (.)	comma (,)	1 000,50 or 1.000,50	Space preferred
Dutch (nl)	period (.)	comma (,)	1.000,50	Period for thousands
Danish (da)	period (.)	comma (,)	1.000,50	Period for thousands
Norwegian (no)	space ( )	comma (,)	1 000,50	Official Norwegian standard
Finnish (fi)	space ( )	comma (,)	1 000,50	Official Finnish standard
Japanese (ja)	comma (,)	period (.)	1,000.50	Western style
Korean (ko)	comma (,)	period (.)	1,000.50	Western style
Chinese (zh)	comma (,)	period (.)	1,000.50	Western style
Arabic (ar)	comma (,)	period (.)	١٬٠٠٠٫٥٠ or 1,000.50	Arabic-Indic optional
Hebrew (he)	comma (,)	period (.)	1,000.50	Western style

Implementation:

// Format numbers for language with documented separators
function formatNumber(num, lang) {
  const formats = {
    'en': { thousands: ',', decimal: '.' },
    'sv': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'de': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'fr': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'es': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'nl': { thousands: '.', decimal: ',' },
    'da': { thousands: '.', decimal: ',' },
    'no': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'fi': { thousands: ' ', decimal: ',' },
    'ja': { thousands: ',', decimal: '.' },
    'ko': { : , :  },
    : { : , :  },
    : { : , :  },
    : { : , :  }
  };
   fmt = formats[lang] || formats[];
  
  
   isNegative = num < ;
   absolute = .(num);
   fixed = absolute.();
   [intPart, fracPart] = fixed.();
  
  
  intPart = intPart.(, fmt.);
  
  
  fracPart = fracPart.(, );
  
   result = intPart;
   (fracPart. > ) {
    result += fmt. + fracPart;
  }
  
   (isNegative) {
    result =  + result;
  }
  
   result;
}

Date Formatting by Language

From News Articles (Feb 2026):

Language	Format	Example	Day-Month Order
English (en)	Month D, YYYY	February 15, 2026	Month first
Swedish (sv)	D month YYYY	15 februari 2026	Day first
German (de)	D. Month YYYY	15. Februar 2026	Day first (with period)
French (fr)	D month YYYY	15 février 2026	Day first
Spanish (es)	D de month de YYYY	15 de febrero de 2026	Day first (with "de")
Dutch (nl)	D month YYYY	15 februari 2026	Day first
Danish (da)	D. month YYYY	15. februar 2026	Day first (with period)
Norwegian (no)	D. month YYYY	15. februar 2026	Day first (with period)
Finnish (fi)	D. monthkuuta YYYY	15. helmikuuta 2026	Day first (genitive case)
Japanese (ja)	YYYY年M月D日	2026年2月15日	Year-Month-Day
Korean (ko)	YYYY년 M월 D일	2026년 2월 15일	Year-Month-Day
Chinese (zh)	YYYY年M月D日	2026年2月15日	Year-Month-Day
Arabic (ar)	D month YYYY	١٥ فبراير ٢٠٢٦	Day first (Arabic-Indic optional)
Hebrew (he)	D bmonth YYYY	15 בפברואר 2026	Day first (with ב prefix)

Month Names:

English	Swedish	German	French	Spanish	Dutch
January	januari	Januar	janvier	enero	januari
February	februari	Februar	février	febrero	februari
March	mars	März	mars	marzo	maart
April	april	April	avril	abril	april
May	maj	Mai	mai	mayo	mei
June	juni	Juni	juin	junio	juni
July	juli	Juli	juillet	julio	juli
August	augusti	August	août	agosto	augustus
September	september	September	septembre	septiembre	september
October	oktober	Oktober	octobre	octubre	oktober
November	november	November	novembre	noviembre	november
December	december	Dezember	décembre	diciembre	december

Day of Week:

English	Swedish	German	French	Spanish	Dutch	Finnish
Monday	måndag	Montag	lundi	lunes	maandag	maanantai
Tuesday	tisdag	Dienstag	mardi	martes	dinsdag	tiistai
Wednesday	onsdag	Mittwoch	mercredi	miércoles	woensdag	keskiviikko
Thursday	torsdag	Donnerstag	jeudi	jueves	donderdag	torstai
Friday	fredag	Freitag	vendredi	viernes	vrijdag	perjantai
Saturday	lördag	Samstag	samedi	sábado	zaterdag	lauantai
Sunday	söndag	Sonntag	dimanche	domingo	zondag	sunnuntai

Time Formatting

24-hour vs. 12-hour:

Language	Clock	Example	Note
English (en)	12-hour	2:30 PM	AM/PM required
Swedish (sv)	24-hour	14:30	Period or colon separator
German (de)	24-hour	14:30 Uhr	"Uhr" suffix
French (fr)	24-hour	14h30	"h" separator
Spanish (es)	24-hour	14:30	Colon separator
Nordic (da, no, fi)	24-hour	14:30 or 14.30	Period common
CJK (ja, ko, zh)	24-hour	14:30	Colon separator
Arabic (ar)	12-hour	٢:٣٠ م	Arabic-Indic optional
Hebrew (he)	24-hour	14:30	Colon separator

Currency Formatting

Swedish Krona (SEK):

Language	Format	Example	Note
English	SEK 1,000.50 or 1,000.50 kr	SEK 1,000.50	Currency code preferred
Swedish	1 000,50 kr	1 000,50 kr	"kr" suffix standard
German	1 000,50 SEK	1 000,50 SEK	Currency code suffix
French	1 000,50 SEK	1 000,50 SEK	Currency code suffix

Ordinal Numbers

Language	Example	Pattern
English	1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th	-st, -nd, -rd, -th
Swedish	1:a, 2:a, 3:e, 4:e	:a or :e
German	1., 2., 3., 4.	Period suffix
French	1er, 2e, 3e, 4e	-er for first, -e for rest
Spanish	1.º, 2.º, 3.º, 4.º	Masculine ordinal

Practical Implementation

Date Formatting Function:

function formatDate(date, lang) {
  const months = {
    en: ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'],
    sv: ['januari', 'februari', 'mars', 'april', 'maj', 'juni', 'juli', 'augusti', 'september', 'oktober', 'november', 'december'],
    de: ['Januar', 'Februar', 'März', 'April', 'Mai', 'Juni', 'Juli', 'August', 'September', 'Oktober', 'November', 'Dezember'],
    fr: ['janvier', 'février', 'mars', 'avril', 'mai', 'juin', 'juillet', 'août', 'septembre', 'octobre', 'novembre', ],
    : [, , , , , , , , , , , ],
    : [, , , , , , , , , , , ],
    : [, , , , , , , , , , , ],
    : [, , , , , , , , , , , ],
    : [, , , , , , , , , , , ]
  };
  
   d = date.();
   m = date.();
   y = date.();
  
   (lang === )  ;
   (lang ===  || lang ===  || lang === )  ;
   (lang === )  ;
   (lang === )  ;
   (lang === )  ;
   (lang === )  ;
   (lang === )  ;
   ; 
}

Validation Checklist

For each language version, verify:

Numbers use correct thousands separator
Numbers use correct decimal point
Dates follow language convention
Month names correctly translated and case-appropriate
Day names correctly translated
Time uses 24-hour format (except English)
Currency formatted per convention
Ordinals follow language pattern

Data Source: Validated against 81 news articles (Feb 2026)
Standards: Unicode CLDR, ISO 8601
Last Updated: 2026-02-15