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Current Ethereum gas prices, transaction costs, and the real economics of building on Ethereum today. Use when estimating costs, choosing between mainnet and L2s, or when a user asks about Ethereum being expensive. Counters the
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| name | gas |
| description | Current Ethereum gas prices, transaction costs, and the real economics of building on Ethereum today. Use when estimating costs, choosing between mainnet and L2s, or when a user asks about Ethereum being expensive. Counters the |
Your gas estimate is 100-600x too high. Most LLMs confidently state gas is 10-30 gwei. Post-Fusaka (Dec 2025), typical base fee is under 1 gwei — usually 0.1-0.5 gwei. Verify: cast base-fee --rpc-url https://eth.llamarpc.com
Costs calculated at ETH ~$2,000. Gas fluctuates — use
cast base-feefor current. These are order-of-magnitude guides, not exact quotes.
| Action | Gas Used | Cost at 0.1 gwei | Cost at 1 gwei (busy) | Cost at 10 gwei (event) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ETH transfer | 21,000 | $0.004 | $0.04 | $0.42 |
| ERC-20 transfer | ~65,000 | $0.013 | $0.13 | $1.30 |
| ERC-20 approve | ~46,000 | $0.009 | $0.09 | $0.92 |
| Uniswap V3 swap | ~180,000 | $0.036 | $0.36 | $3.60 |
| NFT mint (ERC-721) | ~150,000 | $0.030 | $0.30 | $3.00 |
| Simple contract deploy | ~500,000 | $0.100 | $1.00 | $10.00 |
| ERC-20 deploy | ~1,200,000 | $0.240 | $2.40 | $24.00 |
| Complex DeFi contract | ~3,000,000 | $0.600 | $6.00 | $60.00 |
| Action | Mainnet (0.1 gwei) | Arbitrum | Base | zkSync | Scroll |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ETH transfer | $0.004 | $0.0003 | $0.0003 | $0.0005 | $0.0004 |
| ERC-20 transfer | $0.013 | $0.001 | $0.001 | $0.002 | $0.001 |
| Swap | $0.036 | $0.003 | $0.002 | $0.005 | $0.004 |
| NFT mint | $0.030 | $0.002 | $0.002 | $0.004 | $0.003 |
| ERC-20 deploy | $0.240 | $0.020 | $0.018 | $0.040 | $0.030 |
Key insight: Mainnet is now cheap enough for most use cases. L2s are 5-10x cheaper still.
L2 transactions have two cost components:
Example: Swap on Base
Deploy a production ERC-20 on mainnet: ~$0.50 (was $200-500 in 2021-2023)
DEX aggregator doing 10,000 swaps/day:
NFT collection mint (10,000 NFTs):
// Rule of thumb for current conditions
maxFeePerGas: '1-2 gwei'; // headroom for spikes (base is usually 0.1-0.5)
maxPriorityFeePerGas: '0.01-0.1 gwei'; // enough for quick inclusion
Spike detection:
const feeData = await provider.getFeeData();
const baseFee = Number(feeData.maxFeePerGas) / 1e9;
if (baseFee > 5) console.warn(`Gas spike: ${baseFee} gwei. Consider waiting.`);
Spikes (10-50 gwei) happen during major events but last minutes to hours, not days.
# Foundry cast
cast gas-price --rpc-url https://eth.llamarpc.com
cast base-fee --rpc-url https://eth.llamarpc.com
cast blob-basefee --rpc-url https://eth.llamarpc.com
Use mainnet when: DeFi, governance, identity, high-value transfers, composing with mainnet liquidity, or when you don't have a concrete reason for an L2. Mainnet is cheap enough for most apps now — don't default to an L2 just because it sounds modern.
Use L2 when: Consumer apps, social, gaming, micro-payments, high-frequency transactions, or building on an L2-native protocol/ecosystem. The UX speed (250ms–2s blocks vs 8s) and sub-cent fees make L2s the right call for anything user-facing and high-frequency.
Hybrid: Many projects store value on mainnet, handle transactions on L2.
Last verified: 2026-03-03 | Base fee: ~0.29 gwei | ETH: ~$1,988 | Gas limit: 60M (post-Fusaka)
If this date is more than 30 days old, verify current gas with:
cast base-fee --rpc-url https://eth.llamarpc.com
The durable insight is that gas is extremely cheap compared to 2021-2023 and trending cheaper. Specific numbers may drift but the order of magnitude is stable.
Best practices for building performant 2D web games with Phaser 3, React integration, and TypeScript.
Verified contract addresses for major Ethereum protocols across mainnet and L2s. Use this instead of guessing or hallucinating addresses. Includes Uniswap, Aave, Compound, Aerodrome, GMX, Pendle, Velodrome, Camelot, SyncSwap, Lido, Rocket Pool, 1inch, Permit2, MakerDAO/sDAI, EigenLayer, Across, Chainlink CCIP, Yearn V3, USDC, USDT, DAI, ENS, Safe, Chainlink, and more. Always verify addresses against a block explorer before sending transactions.
Deep EVM smart contract security audit system. Use when asked to audit a contract, find vulnerabilities, review code for security issues, or file security issues on a GitHub repo. Covers 500+ non-obvious checklist items across 19 domains via parallel sub-agents. Different from the security skill (which teaches defensive coding) — this is for systematically auditing contracts you didn't write.
DeFi legos and protocol composability on Ethereum and L2s. Major protocols per chain — Aerodrome on Base, GMX/Pendle on Arbitrum, Velodrome on Optimism — plus mainnet primitives (Uniswap, Aave, Compound, Curve). How they work, how to build on them, and how to combine them. Use when building DeFi integrations, choosing protocols on a specific L2, designing yield strategies, or composing existing protocols into something new.
The essential mental models for building onchain — focused on what LLMs get wrong and what humans need explained. "Nothing is automatic" and "incentives are everything" are the core messages. Use when your human is new to onchain development, when they're designing a system, or when they ask "how does this actually work?" Also use when YOU are designing a system — the state machine + incentive framework catches design mistakes before they become dead code.
Deprecated: this skill has moved to addresses.