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Use when experiencing brake warning signs such as noise, pulsation, pulling, soft pedal, or brake warning light to identify the fault before driving or seeking repair
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SOC 職業分類に基づく
Use when a family-owned business needs governance structures addressing the specific tension between family dynamics and business decision-making — establishing a family council separate from the operating board, a written family charter or constitution, and defined succession criteria, rather than relying on informal family relationships to substitute for genuine governance structure.
Use when an organization wants to assess how mature its overall governance practices are — decision rights, oversight bodies, policy management, accountability mechanisms — against a recognized international governance standard, producing a structured maturity assessment rather than an unstructured, subjective sense of "our governance seems fine."
Use when an organization is forming any standing committee — a risk committee, a compensation committee, an ethics committee, or any other recurring decision-making body — writing a formal charter that defines the committee's scope, authority, and reporting line before it begins operating, rather than letting the committee's mandate remain implicit and subject to later dispute.
Use when an organization needs a standing policy for employees, officers, and board members to disclose personal, financial, or relational interests that could conflict with their organizational duties — requiring proactive, periodic disclosure and a defined recusal process, rather than relying on individuals to voluntarily raise conflicts only when they happen to think of it.
Use when an organization needs a defined governance chain of command for a major corporate crisis — a product safety failure, an executive scandal, a data breach, a natural disaster affecting operations — establishing who has decision authority at each severity level and when the board itself must be activated, rather than discovering the chain of command for the first time while the crisis is already unfolding.
Use when an organization repeatedly experiences slow or contested strategic and operational decisions because it's unclear who has actual authority to decide — explicitly mapping decision types to the specific role or body with final decision authority, distinct from who merely provides input, rather than leaving decision authority ambiguous and re-litigated each time a similar decision arises.
| name | diagnose-brake-system-problem |
| description | Use when experiencing brake warning signs such as noise, pulsation, pulling, soft pedal, or brake warning light to identify the fault before driving or seeking repair |
| source | NHTSA brake safety standards; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105 (FMVSS 105); ASE brake systems certification curriculum (A5) |
| tags | ["automotive","troubleshooting","brakes","safety"] |
| verified | true |
Identify brake system faults from symptoms and visual inspection to determine urgency, root cause, and whether the vehicle is safe to drive.
Adopted by: NHTSA safety enforcement, ASE-certified brake technicians (A5 specialty), DOT commercial vehicle inspection standards, AAA Approved Auto Repair brake service protocols
Impact: Brake system failure causes 22% of vehicle crash fatalities annually (NHTSA); correct diagnosis reduces unnecessary rotor replacement (34% of brake jobs replace rotors that meet spec, per ASE data); catching hydraulic failure early prevents total brake loss
Why best: FMVSS 105 mandates dual-circuit hydraulic systems; understanding the system's redundancy and failure modes enables accurate symptom-to-fault mapping before any vehicle is dismantled
Sources: NHTSA FMVSS 105 "Hydraulic and Electric Brake Systems"; ASE "Automobile Test A5 Brakes" certification curriculum; NHTSA "Brakes" vehicle safety campaign
Classify urgency from symptoms — DO NOT DRIVE: brake pedal goes to the floor, brake warning light on, vehicle pulls severely during braking, grinding metal-on-metal. DRIVE CAUTIOUSLY (1–2 days): pulsation, squeal, soft pedal without total loss. SCHEDULE SOON: low-pitched squeal intermittently, dust/debris visible on wheel.
Inspect brake warning lights — Red brake light: parking brake engaged OR low fluid level/system pressure loss (hydraulic fault). Amber ABS light: ABS module or wheel speed sensor fault (base brakes still function). Both lights simultaneously: potentially total brake system fault — do not drive.
Test pedal feel with engine off then on — Engine off: pump pedal 3–4 times; should become firm. Engine on: pedal should drop slightly then firm up (vacuum booster test). Pedal stays low or drops slowly to floor under steady pressure: hydraulic leak or failed master cylinder.
Check brake fluid level and color — Low fluid = worn pads (normal) OR leak (critical — inspect). Dark brown/black fluid = overdue change (moisture contamination). Milky fluid = coolant contamination (rare, internal master cylinder failure). Top up only with OEM-specified DOT rating; never mix DOT ratings.
Inspect for visual leaks — Check: master cylinder reservoir (under hood), all four brake caliper/wheel cylinder areas, brake lines along frame and at flexible hose connections, inside of each wheel (fluid streaks on rotor or backing plate).
Measure pad thickness — Through wheel spokes or by removing wheels: new pad = 10–12mm. Service limit = 3mm. Replace threshold = 2mm (or when wear indicator contacts rotor and causes squeal). Uneven left-to-right pad wear indicates a sticking caliper.
Inspect rotors — Visual scoring (grooves >1mm deep): replace. Blue heat discoloration: warping likely, measure with micrometer. Minimum thickness is stamped on the rotor hat; measure with a micrometer at 8 points around the circumference. Variation >0.0015 inches causes pulsation.
Diagnose by symptom pattern — Squeal: worn pads or glazed pads/rotors. Grinding: metal-on-metal (pads worn through). Pulsation/vibration: warped/uneven rotors. Pulling left or right: stuck caliper or uneven pad wear. Soft/spongy pedal: air in lines or hydraulic leak. Pedal fade under sustained braking: overheated fluid or glazed pads.
Check parking/emergency brake — Engage and release; if vehicle still rolls or warning light stays on: cable stretch, stuck mechanism, or auto-adjust failure. Test hold capability: on a slope, parking brake alone should hold the vehicle stationary.
Determine repair scope and safety — Pad-only replacement: DIY-feasible. Rotor replacement: DIY-feasible with torque wrench. Caliper replacement: DIY-feasible with hydraulic line bleeding. Hydraulic line repair, master cylinder, ABS module, or brake booster: shop-required due to safety-critical nature.
