-
Conduct the spotting session — watch the film with the director and/or music editor. Identify where music will be placed (cue spots), where it will stop (out-points), and the emotional/narrative function of each cue. Document: timecode in, timecode out, approximate duration, function (underscore, source music, title), and the director's notes on tone and tempo.
-
Create the cue list — produce a comprehensive list of all cues: number (M1/1, M1/2 etc.), scene description, timecode in/out, duration, and compositional notes. Share with the director for approval before composing. This is your compositional brief.
-
Develop the thematic language — establish the score's main themes: a principal theme (leitmotif) for the protagonist/main story, secondary themes for major characters or concepts, and a harmonic/timbral palette for the overall world of the film. Themes should be singable, distinct, and capable of development.
-
Design the orchestration palette — decide on instrumentation based on: the film's genre and setting (period film → period instruments; sci-fi → electronic/hybrid), budget (live orchestra vs. hybrid vs. electronic), and the sound world the director envisions. Establish what is in the palette early; consistency creates sonic identity.
-
Apply the leitmotif system — assign specific musical ideas (leitmotifs) to characters, places, objects, or emotional states. Transform leitmotifs to reflect character development: invert for antagonistic versions, augment for gravitas, fragment for ambiguity. John Williams's application of this Wagnerian technique is the gold standard.
-
Address synchronization (hitting the hits) — certain visual events require musical synchronization: action beats, emotional pivots, scene cuts, dialogue moments. Use the film's frame rate and tempo to calculate hit points: at 120 BPM, each beat = 0.5 seconds; calculate bars and beats to each hit point. Use conductor's click track and tempo map.
-
Score with restraint — resist the impulse to score everything. Silence is a compositional tool; scenes can be more powerful without music. Score to support the actor's performance and the director's intention, not to fill sonic space. Ask: does this scene need music? What does music add that isn't already there?
-
Manage dialogue integration — music must not compete with dialogue. Keep scoring sparse in the midrange where dialogue lives. Focus orchestration on bass and high register during dialogue-heavy scenes. Reduce dynamic level by 6–10dB during key dialogue moments (or stop music before the line).
-
Account for the re-recording mix — the score is one element mixed with dialogue, sound effects (SFX), and Foley. Scores that seem too loud or present in isolation often disappear in the final mix. Score for the mix, not the solo presentation; communicate with the supervising sound editor and re-recording mixer.
-
Deliver to professional technical specifications — deliver: stems (separate tracks for strings, brass, winds, perc, synths, etc.) for mixing flexibility, 24-bit/48kHz or 96kHz WAV files, cue sheets, tempo maps, and click tracks aligned to picture (hit SMPTE). Follow the delivery spec provided by the music editor precisely.