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Expert patterns for Neon serverless Postgres, branching, connection pooling, and Prisma/Drizzle integration
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| name | neon-postgres |
| description | Expert patterns for Neon serverless Postgres, branching, connection pooling, and Prisma/Drizzle integration |
| risk | safe |
| source | vibeship-spawner-skills (Apache 2.0) |
| date_added | "2026-02-27T00:00:00.000Z" |
Expert patterns for Neon serverless Postgres, branching, connection pooling, and Prisma/Drizzle integration
Configure Prisma for Neon with connection pooling.
Use two connection strings:
The pooled connection uses PgBouncer for up to 10K connections. Direct connection required for migrations (DDL operations).
DATABASE_URL="postgres://user:password@ep-xxx-pooler.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb?sslmode=require"
DIRECT_URL="postgres://user:password@ep-xxx.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb?sslmode=require"
// prisma/schema.prisma generator client { provider = "prisma-client-js" }
datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") directUrl = env("DIRECT_URL") }
model User { id String @id @default(cuid()) email String @unique name String? createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @updatedAt }
// lib/prisma.ts import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
const globalForPrisma = globalThis as unknown as { prisma: PrismaClient | undefined; };
export const prisma = globalForPrisma.prisma ?? new PrismaClient({ log: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development' ? ['query', 'error', 'warn'] : ['error'], });
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') { globalForPrisma.prisma = prisma; }
// Run migrations // Uses DIRECT_URL automatically npx prisma migrate dev npx prisma migrate deploy
Use Drizzle ORM with Neon's serverless HTTP driver for edge/serverless enprojectnments.
Two driver options:
npm install drizzle-orm @neondatabase/serverless npm install -D drizzle-kit
// lib/db/schema.ts import { pgTable, serial, text, timestamp } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';
export const users = pgTable('users', { id: serial('id').primaryKey(), email: text('email').notNull().unique(), name: text('name'), createdAt: timestamp('created_at').defaultNow().notNull(), updatedAt: timestamp('updated_at').defaultNow().notNull(), });
// lib/db/index.ts (for serverless - HTTP driver) import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless'; import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/neon-http'; import * as schema from './schema';
const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL!); export const db = drizzle(sql, { schema });
// Usage in API route import { db } from '@/lib/db'; import { users } from '@/lib/db/schema';
export async function GET() { const allUsers = await db.select().from(users); return Response.json(allUsers); }
// lib/db/index.ts (for WebSocket - transactions) import { Pool } from '@neondatabase/serverless'; import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/neon-serverless'; import * as schema from './schema';
const pool = new Pool({ connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL }); export const db = drizzle(pool, { schema });
// With transactions await db.transaction(async (tx) => { await tx.insert(users).values({ email: 'test@example.com' }); await tx.update(users).set({ name: 'Updated' }); });
// drizzle.config.ts import { defineConfig } from 'drizzle-kit';
export default defineConfig({ schema: './lib/db/schema.ts', out: './drizzle', dialect: 'postgresql', dbCredentials: { url: process.env.DATABASE_URL!, }, });
// Run migrations npx drizzle-kit generate npx drizzle-kit migrate
Neon provides built-in connection pooling via PgBouncer.
Key limits:
Use pooled endpoint for application, direct for migrations.
postgres://user:pass@ep-cool-name-pooler.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb
postgres://user:pass@ep-cool-name.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/neondb
// Prisma with pooling // prisma/schema.prisma datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") // Pooled directUrl = env("DIRECT_URL") // Direct }
// Connection pool settings for high-traffic // lib/prisma.ts import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
export const prisma = new PrismaClient({ datasources: { db: { url: process.env.DATABASE_URL, }, }, // Connection pool settings // Adjust based on compute size });
// For Drizzle with connection pool import { Pool } from '@neondatabase/serverless';
const pool = new Pool({ connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL, max: 10, // Max connections in local pool idleTimeoutMillis: 30000, connectionTimeoutMillis: 10000, });
// Compute size connection limits // 0.25 CU: 112 connections (105 available after reserved) // 0.5 CU: 225 connections // 1 CU: 450 connections // 2 CU: 901 connections // 4 CU: 1802 connections // 8 CU: 3604 connections
Create instant copies of your database for development, testing, and preview enprojectnments.
Branches share underlying storage (copy-on-write), making them instant and cost-effective.
neon branches create --name feature/new-feature --parent main
neon branches create --name debug/yesterday
--parent main
--timestamp "2024-01-15T10:00:00Z"
neon branches list
neon connection-string feature/new-feature
neon branches delete feature/new-feature
// In CI/CD (GitHub Actions) // .github/workflows/preview.yml name: Preview Enprojectnment on: pull_request: types: [opened, synchronize]
jobs: create-branch: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: neondatabase/create-branch-action@v5 id: create-branch with: project_id: ${{ secrets.NEON_PROJECT_ID }} branch_name: preview/pr-${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_API_KEY }} username: ${{ secrets.NEON_ROLE_NAME }}
- name: Run migrations
env:
DATABASE_URL: ${{ steps.create-branch.outputs.db_url_with_pooler }}
run: npx prisma migrate deploy
- name: Deploy to Vercel
env:
DATABASE_URL: ${{ steps.create-branch.outputs.db_url_with_pooler }}
run: vercel deploy --prebuilt
// Cleanup on PR close on: pull_request: types: [closed]
jobs: delete-branch: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: neondatabase/delete-branch-action@v3 with: project_id: ${{ secrets.NEON_PROJECT_ID }} branch: preview/pr-${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} api_key: ${{ secrets.NEON_API_KEY }}
Automatically create database branches for Vercel preview deployments. Each PR gets its own isolated database.
Two integration options:
// vercel.json - Add migration to build { "buildCommand": "prisma migrate deploy && next build", "framework": "nextjs" }
// Or in package.json { "scripts": { "vercel-build": "prisma generate && prisma migrate deploy && next build" } }
// Enprojectnment variables injected by integration // DATABASE_URL - Pooled connection for preview branch // DATABASE_URL_UNPOOLED - Direct connection for migrations // PGHOST, PGUSER, PGDATABASE, PGPASSWORD - Individual vars
// Prisma schema for Vercel integration datasource db { provider = "postgresql" url = env("DATABASE_URL") directUrl = env("DATABASE_URL_UNPOOLED") // Vercel variable }
// For Drizzle in Next.js on Vercel import { neon } from '@neondatabase/serverless'; import { drizzle } from 'drizzle-orm/neon-http';
// Use pooled URL for queries const sql = neon(process.env.DATABASE_URL!); export const db = drizzle(sql);
Neon autoscales compute resources and scales to zero.
Cold start latency: 500ms - few seconds when waking from idle. Production recommendation: Disable scale-to-zero, set minimum compute.
// Handle cold starts in application // lib/db-with-retry.ts import { prisma } from './prisma';
const MAX_RETRIES = 3; const RETRY_DELAY = 1000;
export async function queryWithRetry( query: () => Promise ): Promise { let lastError: Error | undefined;
for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= MAX_RETRIES; attempt++) { try { return await query(); } catch (error) { lastError = error as Error;
// Retry on connection errors (cold start)
if (error.code === 'P1001' || error.code === 'P1002') {
console.log(`Retry attempt ${attempt}/${MAX_RETRIES}`);
await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, RETRY_DELAY * attempt));
continue;
}
throw error;
}
}
throw lastError; }
// Usage const users = await queryWithRetry(() => prisma.user.findMany() );
// Reduce cold start latency with SSL direct negotiation
postgres://user:pass@ep-xxx-pooler.aws.neon.tech/db?sslmode=require&sslnegotiation=direct
// Keep-alive for long-running apps // lib/db-keepalive.ts import { prisma } from './prisma';
// Ping database every 4 minutes to prevent suspend const KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = 4 * 60 * 1000;
if (process.env.NEON_KEEPALIVE === 'true') {
setInterval(async () => {
try {
await prisma.$queryRawSELECT 1;
} catch (error) {
console.error('Keepalive failed:', error);
}
}, KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL);
}
// Compute sizing recommendations // Development: 0.25 CU, scale-to-zero enabled // Staging: 0.5 CU, scale-to-zero enabled // Production: 1+ CU, scale-to-zero DISABLED // High-traffic: 2-4 CU minimum, autoscaling enabled
Severity: HIGH
Severity: HIGH
Severity: HIGH
Severity: MEDIUM
Severity: MEDIUM
Severity: LOW
Severity: MEDIUM
Severity: HIGH
Severity: MEDIUM
Severity: ERROR
Direct database URLs should never be exposed to client
Message: Direct URL exposed to client. Only pooled URLs for server-side use.
Severity: ERROR
Connection strings should use enprojectnment variables
Message: Hardcoded connection string. Use enprojectnment variables.
Severity: WARNING
Neon requires SSL connections
Message: Missing sslmode=require. Add to connection string.
Severity: ERROR
Prisma needs directUrl for migrations through PgBouncer
Message: Using pooled URL without directUrl. Migrations will fail.
Severity: ERROR
directUrl should be non-pooled connection
Message: directUrl points to pooler. Use non-pooled endpoint for migrations.
Severity: WARNING
High pool sizes exhaust connections with many function instances
Message: Pool size too high for serverless. Use max: 5-10.
Severity: WARNING
Creating new clients per request wastes connections
Message: Creating client per request. Use connection pool or neon() driver.
Severity: WARNING
Branches should have cleanup automation
Message: Creating branch without cleanup. Add delete-branch-action to PR close.
Severity: WARNING
Scale-to-zero adds latency in production
Message: Scale-to-zero on production. Disable for low-latency.
Severity: ERROR
neon() HTTP driver doesn't support transactions
Message: HTTP driver with transaction. Use Pool from @neondatabase/serverless.