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Master Redis Hashes and Sorted Sets - object storage, field operations, leaderboards, rankings, and scoring systems
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| name | redis-hashes-sorted-sets |
| description | Master Redis Hashes and Sorted Sets - object storage, field operations, leaderboards, rankings, and scoring systems |
| sasmp_version | 1.3.0 |
| bonded_agent | 02-redis-data-structures |
| bond_type | PRIMARY_BOND |
| version | 2.1.0 |
| last_updated | 2025-01 |
| parameters | {"key":{"type":"string","required":true,"pattern":"^[a-zA-Z0-9:_-]+$"},"operation":{"type":"string","required":true,"enum":["hset","hget","hgetall","zadd","zrange","zrank","zincrby"]},"score":{"type":"float","required":false},"range_options":{"type":"object","required":false,"properties":{"start":{"type":"integer"},"stop":{"type":"integer"},"withscores":{"type":"boolean"}}}} |
| retry_config | {"max_retries":3,"backoff_strategy":"exponential","backoff_base_ms":100} |
| observability | {"metrics":["hash_field_count","zset_cardinality","operation_latency_ms","rank_query_count"]} |
Redis Hashes are maps between string fields and string values - perfect for object storage.
# Basic operations
HSET key field value [field value ...] # O(N)
HGET key field # O(1)
HGETALL key # O(N)
HDEL key field [field ...] # O(N)
HEXISTS key field # O(1)
# Bulk operations
HMSET key field value [field value ...] # Deprecated, use HSET
HMGET key field [field ...] # O(N)
# Numeric operations
HINCRBY key field increment # O(1)
HINCRBYFLOAT key field increment # O(1)
# Metadata
HLEN key # O(1)
HKEYS key # O(N)
HVALS key # O(N)
HSCAN key cursor [MATCH pattern] [COUNT count]
# Advanced (Redis 7.4+)
HSETEX key seconds field value # Set with TTL
HGETEX key field EX seconds # Get with TTL refresh
Sorted Sets combine Sets with scores, enabling ranked collections.
# Add with scores
ZADD key [NX|XX] [GT|LT] [CH] [INCR] score member [score member ...]
# Range queries by index
ZRANGE key start stop [BYSCORE|BYLEX] [REV] [LIMIT offset count] [WITHSCORES]
ZREVRANGE key start stop [WITHSCORES] # Deprecated, use ZRANGE REV
# Range by score
ZRANGEBYSCORE key min max [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count] # Deprecated
ZRANGE key min max BYSCORE [WITHSCORES] [LIMIT offset count]
# Ranking
ZRANK key member # 0-based rank (lowest first)
ZREVRANK key member # 0-based rank (highest first)
ZSCORE key member # Get score
# Modifications
ZINCRBY key increment member # Increment score - O(log N)
ZREM key member [member ...] # Remove - O(M*log N)
# Cardinality
ZCARD key # Total count - O(1)
ZCOUNT key min max # Count in range - O(log N)
# Set operations
ZINTER numkeys key [key ...] # Intersection
ZUNION numkeys key [key ...] # Union
ZDIFF numkeys key [key ...] # Difference
# Store user as hash
HSET user:123 name "John" email "john@example.com" age "30" status "active"
# Get specific fields (efficient)
HMGET user:123 name email
# Update single field
HSET user:123 status "premium"
# Atomic counter in hash
HINCRBY user:123 login_count 1
HINCRBY user:123 points 100
# Check field exists
HEXISTS user:123 email
# Add/Update scores
ZADD leaderboard 1000 "player:1"
ZADD leaderboard 1500 "player:2"
ZADD leaderboard 800 "player:3"
# Increment score (game points)
ZINCRBY leaderboard 50 "player:1"
# Get top 10 (highest scores)
ZRANGE leaderboard 0 9 REV WITHSCORES
# Get player rank (0-indexed)
ZREVRANK leaderboard "player:1"
# Get player score
ZSCORE leaderboard "player:1"
# Get players around a rank
ZRANGE leaderboard 5 15 REV WITHSCORES
# Count players above threshold
ZCOUNT leaderboard 1000 +inf
# Add items with timestamp as score
ZADD feed:user:123 1704067200 "post:456"
ZADD feed:user:123 1704153600 "post:789"
# Get recent items
ZRANGE feed:user:123 0 19 REV
# Get items from time range
ZRANGE feed:user:123 1704000000 1704200000 BYSCORE
# Remove old items
ZREMRANGEBYSCORE feed:user:123 -inf 1703980800
# Sliding window rate limiter
-- Add request with timestamp
ZADD ratelimit:user:123 1704067200.123 "req:uuid1"
-- Remove old entries (outside window)
ZREMRANGEBYSCORE ratelimit:user:123 -inf 1704067140.123
-- Count requests in window
ZCARD ratelimit:user:123
-- Check if under limit
-- If ZCARD < 100, allow request
# Store product
HSET product:sku:ABC123 \
name "Redis T-Shirt" \
price "29.99" \
stock "100" \
category "apparel"
# Decrement stock atomically
HINCRBY product:sku:ABC123 stock -1
# Get product info
HGETALL product:sku:ABC123
# Update price
HSET product:sku:ABC123 price "24.99"
# Store session data
HSET session:abc123 \
user_id "123" \
created "1704067200" \
ip "192.168.1.1" \
user_agent "Mozilla/5.0"
# Set session TTL
EXPIRE session:abc123 3600
# Update last access
HSET session:abc123 last_access "1704070800"
# Get specific session data
HMGET session:abc123 user_id created
| Command | Complexity | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| HSET/HGET | O(1) | Single field |
| HMSET/HMGET | O(N) | N = fields |
| HGETALL | O(N) | Returns all |
| HINCRBY | O(1) | Atomic |
| ZADD | O(log N) | Per member |
| ZRANGE | O(log N + M) | M = returned |
| ZRANK | O(log N) | Binary search |
| ZINCRBY | O(log N) | Update + reorder |
| ZCARD | O(1) | Stored metadata |
# redis.conf - Use ziplist for small hashes
hash-max-ziplist-entries 512
hash-max-ziplist-value 64
zset-max-ziplist-entries 128
zset-max-ziplist-value 64
leaderboard.lua - Atomic leaderboard operationshash-ttl.lua - Per-field TTL simulationhash-migration.py - Hash data migration scriptHASH_ZSET_PATTERNS.md - Pattern guide# Can block for seconds
HGETALL huge:hash # 100K+ fields
Fix:
# Use HSCAN instead
HSCAN huge:hash 0 COUNT 1000
WRONGTYPE Operation against a key holding the wrong kind of value
Diagnosis:
TYPE mykey
Prevention: Consistent key naming (hash:*, zset:*)
ZADD scores 1.7976931348623157e+308 "item" # Max float
ZADD scores 0.1 "a"
ZADD scores 0.2 "b"
# 0.1 + 0.1 may not equal 0.2 exactly
Fix: Use integer scores when possible (multiply by 100 for cents)
Problem: Same score = arbitrary order
Fix: Use composite score
# score = points * 1000000 + (MAX_TIME - timestamp)
ZADD leaderboard 1000000000 "player:1" # 1000 pts at time 0
ZADD leaderboard 1000999999 "player:2" # 1000 pts later (lower rank)
Cause: Large field values or too many fields
Diagnosis:
DEBUG OBJECT user:123
MEMORY USAGE user:123
Fix:
□ Key exists? (EXISTS key)
□ Correct type? (TYPE key)
□ Hash field exists? (HEXISTS key field)
□ Score within valid range?
□ Encoding efficient? (DEBUG OBJECT key)
□ Memory usage acceptable? (MEMORY USAGE key)
| Scenario | Issue | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| HGETALL large hash | Blocking | Use HSCAN |
| ZRANGE 0 -1 large set | High memory | Paginate |
| Many ZINCRBY | Hot key | Shard by key |
| String values in hash | Memory waste | Consider MessagePack |
| Code | Name | Description | Recovery |
|---|---|---|---|
| HZ001 | WRONGTYPE | Type mismatch | Check TYPE |
| HZ002 | FIELD_NOT_FOUND | Hash field missing | Check HEXISTS |
| HZ003 | NAN_SCORE | Invalid score value | Validate number |
| HZ004 | MEMBER_NOT_FOUND | ZSet member missing | Check membership |
| HZ005 | OVERFLOW | Integer overflow | Use float or reset |
# test_redis_hashes_zsets.py
import redis
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def r():
return redis.Redis(decode_responses=True)
class TestHashes:
def test_user_profile(self, r):
r.delete("test:user:1")
r.hset("test:user:1", mapping={
"name": "John",
"email": "john@example.com",
"age": "30"
})
assert r.hget("test:user:1", "name") == "John"
assert r.hlen("test:user:1") == 3
r.delete("test:user:1")
def test_hincrby(self, r):
r.delete("test:counter")
r.hset("test:counter", "visits", "10")
r.hincrby("test:counter", "visits", 5)
assert r.hget("test:counter", "visits") == "15"
r.delete("test:counter")
def test_hmget(self, r):
r.delete("test:hash")
r.hset("test:hash", mapping={"a": "1", "b": "2", "c": "3"})
result = r.hmget("test:hash", "a", "c")
assert result == ["1", "3"]
r.delete("test:hash")
class TestSortedSets:
def test_leaderboard(self, r):
r.delete("test:leaderboard")
r.zadd("test:leaderboard", {"player:1": 100, "player:2": 200})
# Top player
top = r.zrange("test:leaderboard", 0, 0, desc=True)
assert top == ["player:2"]
# Rank
rank = r.zrevrank("test:leaderboard", "player:1")
assert rank == 1 # 0-indexed, second place
r.delete("test:leaderboard")
def test_zincrby(self, r):
r.delete("test:scores")
r.zadd("test:scores", {"player:1": 100})
r.zincrby("test:scores", 50, "player:1")
assert r.zscore("test:scores", "player:1") == 150
r.delete("test:scores")
def test_zrangebyscore(self, r):
r.delete("test:zset")
r.zadd("test:zset", {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4})
result = r.zrangebyscore("test:zset", 2, 3)
assert result == ["b", "c"]
r.delete("test:zset")
def test_zcount(self, r):
r.delete("test:zset")
r.zadd("test:zset", {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3})
assert r.zcount("test:zset", 2, "+inf") == 2
r.delete("test:zset")