Expert-level legal document translation — understands law, not just language. Use whenever a user wants to translate any legal document or legal text between any languages. Triggers: "translate this contract/agreement/order/affidavit/MoU/lease/ notice/petition", any legal document upload with a target language, or any request to make legal content readable in another language. Also trigger for transliteration of legal names/entities, bilingual legal document creation, and legal terminology lookups. Covers all major language pairs — contracts, MoUs, affidavits, court orders, power of attorney, wills, leases, legal notices, petitions, appeals, corporate filings, immigration docs, IP agreements, and employment contracts. Use when both law and language are involved. See "Not in Scope" before proceeding.
Expert-level legal document translation — understands law, not just language. Use whenever a user wants to translate any legal document or legal text between any languages. Triggers: "translate this contract/agreement/order/affidavit/MoU/lease/ notice/petition", any legal document upload with a target language, or any request to make legal content readable in another language. Also trigger for transliteration of legal names/entities, bilingual legal document creation, and legal terminology lookups. Covers all major language pairs — contracts, MoUs, affidavits, court orders, power of attorney, wills, leases, legal notices, petitions, appeals, corporate filings, immigration docs, IP agreements, and employment contracts. Use when both law and language are involved. See "Not in Scope" before proceeding.
Legal translation that thinks about legal effect, not literal words.
This skill is the international extension of Modern Jurist — a legal translation
app originally built for the Indian legal ecosystem (English ↔ Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati,
Kannada), which reached an advanced stage of development and was recognised for its
approach of translating legal intent and effect, not just words. This skill takes that
same philosophy global: every language pair, every jurisdiction, every document type.
The goal is not to produce a finished translation. The goal is to produce a high-quality
draft that a bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator can review, verify, and
finalise for use.
Audience
This skill is designed for use by:
Bilingual lawyers reviewing AI-assisted drafts before client or court use
Qualified legal translators using AI to accelerate first-draft production
In-house counsel working across jurisdictions who need a working draft for review
Legal paralegals preparing documents for supervising lawyer sign-off
Not for: end-clients self-serving translations of binding instruments without lawyer review. Every output from this skill is a draft, not a final-form instrument.
Not in Scope
Stop and redirect if the request falls into any of these categories:
Certified / sworn translations required for court filing, immigration authorities, or official government submission — route to a credentialed sworn translator in the relevant jurisdiction
Apostilled documents where the translation must itself be re-apostilled — the apostille chain requires a human certified translator
Jurisdictions with statutory restrictions on AI-assisted translation of court filings or legal instruments (check local bar rules before proceeding)
Documents where no bilingual reviewer is available — if the user cannot identify a qualified bilingual reviewer, do not produce a full translation; explain why and suggest they engage a certified translator
Requests for legal advice on the translated content — this skill translates; it does not advise on legal effect in the target jurisdiction
If any of the above applies, say so clearly and stop.
Work Shape
This is accretive-judgment work — the output is a draft for a bilingual reviewer, not a final-form instrument. Every output must:
Be watermarked: ⚠ DRAFT — Bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator review required before execution or filing
Include clause-level confidence bands (see Step 3)
Include at least one specific clause flagged for lawyer review in Translator's Notes
End with the delegation gate (see Step 6)
Escalation Triggers — Halt and Ask
Stop translating and ask the user before proceeding if any of the following apply:
Document type cannot be identified — ask the user to describe it
Source or target jurisdiction is unclear — do not assume; ask
Target language not specified — ask; never assume from context
Document contains untranslatable terms with material legal effect — flag each one, explain the gap, ask how to proceed
Request is for a certified/sworn output — explain this is out of scope; redirect
Governing law clause conflicts with party addresses or stated jurisdiction — flag the conflict; ask which governs
Source text is ambiguous in a way that changes legal meaning — do not resolve arbitrarily; flag and ask
The Four Layers of Legal Translation
Every legal translation must work at all four layers simultaneously:
Linguistic — correct grammar, syntax, vocabulary in target language
Legal-technical — correct legal terms of art, not dictionary translations
Jurisdictional — how this type of document is actually drafted in the target language's legal system
Pragmatic — does this read like it was drafted natively? Would a lawyer in the target jurisdiction trust this document?
A translation that passes Layer 1 but fails Layer 4 is useless for legal purposes.
Step-by-Step Workflow
Step 1 — Intake and Analysis
Before translating a single word, analyze the document:
Required inputs — if any are missing, ask before proceeding:
Source language (required)
Source jurisdiction (required — do not proceed with assumed jurisdiction)
Target language (required)
Target jurisdiction (required — do not proceed with assumed jurisdiction)
Also identify:
Document type (see Document Type Library below)
Parties and their roles
All defined terms (these must be translated consistently throughout)
Special clauses: arbitration, governing law, force majeure, indemnity, liability caps
Dates, reference numbers, amounts — note all; they must not change
Read the right reference file:
For target language conventions → references/legal-language-conventions.md
For document-type patterns → references/document-type-library.md
For legal terms across languages → references/legal-glossary.md
State your intake findings briefly before translating, e.g.:
"Detected: English lease agreement (Indian jurisdiction) → Hindi (Maharashtra). Parties: Landlord / Tenant. Defined terms: 8. Special clauses: arbitration (Mumbai seat), notice period. No escalation triggers. Proceeding."
Step 2 — Pre-Translation Glossary Build
For any document over ~200 words, mentally build a translation glossary first:
List all defined terms in the source document
Assign their target-language equivalents (consistently)
Note any terms with no direct equivalent in the target legal system
Note proper nouns, company names, reference numbers — flag these as UNTRANSLATED
For long documents, show this glossary to the user before proceeding:
"Before I translate, here are my term mappings: [table]. Does this look right?"
This is the single most important quality step. Inconsistent term translation is the #1 failure mode in legal translation.
Step 3 — Translate with Confidence Bands
The golden rule: Translate legal effect, not legal words.
Assign a confidence band to every clause or section:
Band
Meaning
🟢 H
Standard term with a well-established direct equivalent in the target legal system. Low reviewer burden.
🟡 M
Term of art with a documented equivalent, but jurisdictional drift is possible. Reviewer should verify.
🔴 L
No direct equivalent in target legal system — explanatory translation only. Lawyer must review and adapt.
Mark each clause or section with its band in the output: [H], [M], or [L].
Operative provisions (the actual obligations) → precise, use "shall/will/must" equivalents, no ambiguity
Definitions → match the formality and precision of the source
Step 4 — Transliteration (when requested or needed)
Transliteration = converting a word's sounds into a different script, while translation = converting its meaning.
When to transliterate vs translate:
Scenario
Approach
Party name in a different script
Transliterate (e.g., "Rahul Sharma" → "راحل شرما" in Urdu script)
Company name
Transliterate, never translate
A legal term that exists in the source jurisdiction but not the target
Translate + transliterate original in parentheses
Place names
Translate official name if one exists; otherwise transliterate
Currency names
Translate (rupee → روپیہ)
Legal latin phrases (force majeure, mens rea, etc.)
Keep in Latin; add translated meaning in parentheses
Transliteration quality rules:
Use the most widely accepted romanization/script convention for the language pair
For Devanagari ↔ Latin: use IAST standard for formal/academic; simplified phonetic for legal
For Arabic ↔ Latin: use simplified ALA-LC for legal documents
For Cyrillic ↔ Latin: use BGN/PCGN romanization
For Chinese ↔ Latin: use Hanyu Pinyin with tone marks
For Japanese ↔ Latin: use Modified Hepburn
Always mark transliterations clearly: [transliteration] or in italics
Step 5 — Format and Present Output
Mandatory output header on every translation:
⚠ DRAFT — Bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator review required before execution or filing
Skill: legal-translation v0.2.0 | Source: [language/jurisdiction] | Target: [language/jurisdiction]
For inline text (pasted content, short extracts):
Show the full translated text in a clean block with confidence bands per clause. Follow with Translator's Notes.
For full documents:
---
⚠ DRAFT — Bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator review required before execution or filing
---
[DOCUMENT HEADER - translated]
---
[Full translated document body — each clause marked [H], [M], or [L]]
---
TRANSLATOR'S NOTES:
[See Step 6]
---
For file inputs (PDF/DOCX) → file outputs:
Read source file using pdf-reading skill or docx skill as appropriate
For RTL languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Urdu, Persian): note to user that paragraph direction must be set RTL in Word
For bilingual documents (side-by-side):
Present in a two-column table: Original | Translation, clause by clause, with confidence band in a third column.
Step 6 — Translator's Notes and Delegation Gate
Every output ends with this structure:
TRANSLATOR'S NOTES
==================
Confidence summary: [X clauses H] [Y clauses M] [Z clauses L]
Terms with no direct equivalent:
• [term] — [what was chosen and why] [L]
Jurisdictional gaps:
• [any concept that exists in source jurisdiction but not target]
Flagged for mandatory lawyer review:
• Clause [X] — [reason: untranslatable term / jurisdictional gap / operative ambiguity]
• [at least one clause must always be listed here]
Transliteration key:
• [any names or terms that were transliterated]
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
DELEGATION GATE
This output is a translation draft, not a final-form legal instrument.
✗ This is NOT legal advice. Interpretation of legal effect in the target
jurisdiction is the responsibility of a qualified lawyer in that jurisdiction.
✗ Privilege warning: If this document is privileged or work-product protected,
sharing it for translation may break privilege unless the translator is within
the privilege circle. Confirm with supervising counsel before sharing.
✗ Accountability: The bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator reviewing
this draft is accountable for the final translation — not this skill.
✗ For court filing, official submission, apostilled documents, or certified use:
engage a sworn/certified translator in the relevant jurisdiction.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Failure Modes
(i) Legal advice vs. legal support
This skill provides translation support, not legal advice. It does not and cannot:
Advise on whether a translated clause will be enforceable in the target jurisdiction
Advise on whether the original document's terms are commercially appropriate
Interpret legal effect in the target jurisdiction's courts
Interpretation of legal effect in the target jurisdiction is the local lawyer's call.
(ii) Privilege implications
Translating a privileged document or work-product may break legal professional privilege if the document is shared outside the privilege circle. Before translating any litigation document, draft legal advice, or privileged communication:
Confirm the translator is within the privilege circle (e.g., engaged by the same client or instructed by the same lawyer)
Flag this to the user if the document appears to be privileged material
(iii) Accountability gap
This skill produces a draft. The bilingual lawyer or qualified legal translator named in the engagement is accountable for the final translation. This skill is not a substitute for professional accountability.
File Handling
Input type
Method
Uploaded PDF
Use pdf-reading skill: pdftotext -layout first; rasterize pages if garbled/scanned
Uploaded DOCX
Use docx skill: extract-text document.docx
Pasted text
Translate directly
Scanned image/PDF
Rasterize pages with pdftoppm, read visually via vision, then translate
Output type
Method
Chat (default)
Present translated text in clean formatted block with draft watermark
DOCX output
Use docx skill to produce formatted Word document; include draft watermark in header
Bilingual DOCX
Two-column table + confidence band column in DOCX via docx skill
PDF output
Use pdf skill
Document Type Library
Quick reference — for full patterns, see references/document-type-library.md.
CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) → use appropriate character set; never mix Simplified/Traditional Chinese
Latin-script languages with diacritics (French, German, Spanish, Polish, Vietnamese) → never drop accent marks
Quality Checklist
Run this before presenting any translation:
Escalation triggers checked — none apply (or halted and asked)
Document type correctly identified
Source jurisdiction confirmed (not assumed)
Target jurisdiction confirmed (not assumed)
Draft watermark on output
All defined terms translated consistently
Confidence bands (H/M/L) on every clause
At least one clause flagged for lawyer review in Translator's Notes
Proper nouns, names, company names untouched (or transliterated if requested)
All dates, amounts, reference numbers unchanged
Clause numbering and structure preserved
Traditional document opening used for target language
Traditional closing (attestation/witness clause) used for target language
Operative words (shall/must/may) correctly rendered
Transliterations marked clearly
Translator's Notes complete
Delegation Gate included
Failure modes noted where relevant (privilege, legal advice, accountability)
Reference Files
Read these when needed — do not load all at once:
references/legal-glossary.md — ~80 core legal terms translated across 12 languages
references/legal-language-conventions.md — Document conventions, formal openings/closings, script rules, and jurisdiction notes for major legal languages
references/document-type-library.md — Full templates and structural patterns for 14 document types across languages
