- name
- python-testing
- description
- 使用 pytest、TDD 方法论、fixtures、mocking、参数化和代码覆盖率要求的 Python 测试策略。 Use when this capability is needed.
- metadata
- {"author":"codelably"}
# Python 测试模式(Python Testing Patterns)
使用 pytest、测试驱动开发(TDD)方法论及最佳实践的 Python 应用程序全面测试策略。
## 何时激活
- 编写新的 Python 代码时(遵循 TDD:红、绿、重构)
- 为 Python 项目设计测试套件时
- 审查 Python 测试覆盖率时
- 搭建测试基础设施时
## 核心测试理念
### 测试驱动开发(TDD)
始终遵循 TDD 循环:
1. **红(RED)**:为期望的行为编写一个失败的测试
2. **绿(GREEN)**:编写最少量的代码使测试通过
3. **重构(REFACTOR)**:在保持测试通过的前提下优化代码
```python
# 步骤 1:编写失败的测试 (RED)
def test_add_numbers():
result = add(2, 3)
assert result == 5
# 步骤 2:编写最小实现 (GREEN)
def add(a, b):
return a + b
# 步骤 3:根据需要进行重构 (REFACTOR)
```
### 覆盖率要求
- **目标**:80% 以上的代码覆盖率
- **关键路径**:必须达到 100% 覆盖率
- 使用 `pytest --cov` 来衡量覆盖率
```bash
pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html
```
## pytest 基础
### 基本测试结构
```python
import pytest
def test_addition():
"""测试基础加法。"""
assert 2 + 2 == 4
def test_string_uppercase():
"""测试字符串大写转换。"""
text = "hello"
assert text.upper() == "HELLO"
def test_list_append():
"""测试列表追加。"""
items = [1, 2, 3]
items.append(4)
assert 4 in items
assert len(items) == 4
```
### 断言(Assertions)
```python
# 相等性
assert result == expected
# 不等性
assert result != unexpected
# 真值
assert result # Truthy
assert not result # Falsy
assert result is True # 精确为 True
assert result is False # 精确为 False
assert result is None # 精确为 None
# 成员资格
assert item in collection
assert item not in collection
# 比较
assert result > 0
assert 0 <= result <= 100
# 类型检查
assert isinstance(result, str)
# 异常测试(推荐做法)
with pytest.raises(ValueError):
raise ValueError("error message")
# 检查异常消息
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid input"):
raise ValueError("invalid input provided")
# 检查异常属性
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as exc_info:
raise ValueError("error message")
assert str(exc_info.value) == "error message"
```
## Fixtures
### 基础 Fixture 用法
```python
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def sample_data():
"""提供示例数据的 Fixture。"""
return {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
def test_sample_data(sample_data):
"""使用 fixture 的测试。"""
assert sample_data["name"] == "Alice"
assert sample_data["age"] == 30
```
### 带有设置(Setup)和清理(Teardown)的 Fixture
```python
@pytest.fixture
def database():
"""带有设置和清理逻辑的 Fixture。"""
# 设置 (Setup)
db = Database(":memory:")
db.create_tables()
db.insert_test_data()
yield db # 提供给测试使用
# 清理 (Teardown)
db.close()
def test_database_query(database):
"""测试数据库操作。"""
result = database.query("SELECT * FROM users")
assert len(result) > 0
```
### Fixture 作用域(Scopes)
```python
# 函数级作用域 (默认) - 每个测试运行一次
@pytest.fixture
def temp_file():
with open("temp.txt", "w") as f:
yield f
os.remove("temp.txt")
# 模块级作用域 - 每个模块运行一次
@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def module_db():
db = Database(":memory:")
db.create_tables()
yield db
db.close()
# 会话级作用域 - 整个测试会话运行一次
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def shared_resource():
resource = ExpensiveResource()
yield resource
resource.cleanup()
```
### 带参数的 Fixture
```python
@pytest.fixture(params=[1, 2, 3])
def number(request):
"""参数化 Fixture。"""
return request.param
def test_numbers(number):
"""测试将运行 3 次,每个参数一次。"""
assert number > 0
```
### 使用多个 Fixture
```python
@pytest.fixture
def user():
return User(id=1, name="Alice")
@pytest.fixture
def admin():
return User(id=2, name="Admin", role="admin")
def test_user_admin_interaction(user, admin):
"""同时使用多个 fixture 的测试。"""
assert admin.can_manage(user)
```
### 自动使用(Autouse) Fixture
```python
@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
def reset_config():
"""在每个测试前自动运行。"""
Config.reset()
yield
Config.cleanup()
def test_without_fixture_call():
# reset_config 会自动运行
assert Config.get_setting("debug") is False
```
### 用于共享 Fixture 的 conftest.py
```python
# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
@pytest.fixture
def client():
"""供所有测试共享的 fixture。"""
app = create_app(testing=True)
with app.test_client() as client:
yield client
@pytest.fixture
def auth_headers(client):
"""为 API 测试生成认证头。"""
response = client.post("/api/login", json={
"username": "test",
"password": "test"
})
token = response.json["token"]
return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
```
## 参数化(Parametrization)
### 基础参数化
```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
("hello", "HELLO"),
("world", "WORLD"),
("PyThOn", "PYTHON"),
])
def test_uppercase(input, expected):
"""测试将使用不同的输入运行 3 次。"""
assert input.upper() == expected
```
### 多个参数
```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,expected", [
(2, 3, 5),
(0, 0, 0),
(-1, 1, 0),
(100, 200, 300),
])
def test_add(a, b, expected):
"""使用多组输入测试加法。"""
assert add(a, b) == expected
```
### 带 ID 的参数化
```python
@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
("valid@email.com", True),
("invalid", False),
("@no-domain.com", False),
], ids=["valid-email", "missing-at", "missing-domain"])
def test_email_validation(input, expected):
"""通过可读的测试 ID 测试电子邮件验证。"""
assert is_valid_email(input) is expected
```
### 参数化 Fixtures
```python
@pytest.fixture(params=["sqlite", "postgresql", "mysql"])
def db(request):
"""针对多个数据库后端进行测试。"""
if request.param == "sqlite":
return Database(":memory:")
elif request.param == "postgresql":
return Database("postgresql://localhost/test")
elif request.param == "mysql":
return Database("mysql://localhost/test")
def test_database_operations(db):
"""测试将运行 3 次,每个数据库一次。"""
result = db.query("SELECT 1")
assert result is not None
```
## 标记(Markers)与测试选择
### 自定义标记
```python
# 标记慢速测试
@pytest.mark.slow
def test_slow_operation():
time.sleep(5)
# 标记集成测试
@pytest.mark.integration
def test_api_integration():
response = requests.get("https://api.example.com")
assert response.status_code == 200
# 标记单元测试
@pytest.mark.unit
def test_unit_logic():
assert calculate(2, 3) == 5
```
### 运行特定测试
```bash
# 仅运行非慢速测试
pytest -m "not slow"
# 仅运行集成测试
pytest -m integration
# 运行集成测试或慢速测试
pytest -m "integration or slow"
# 运行标记为单元测试且非慢速的测试
pytest -m "unit and not slow"
```
### 在 pytest.ini 中配置标记
```ini
[pytest]
markers =
slow: 将测试标记为慢速
integration: 将测试标记为集成测试
unit: 将测试标记为单元测试
django: 将测试标记为需要 Django 环境
```
## Mocking 与 Patching
### Mock 函数
```python
from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
@patch("mypackage.external_api_call")
def test_with_mock(api_call_mock):
"""使用 mock 的外部 API 进行测试。"""
api_call_mock.return_value = {"status": "success"}
result = my_function()
api_call_mock.assert_called_once()
assert result["status"] == "success"
```
### Mock 返回值
```python
@patch("mypackage.Database.connect")
def test_database_connection(connect_mock):
"""使用 mock 的数据库连接进行测试。"""
connect_mock.return_value = MockConnection()
db = Database()
db.connect()
connect_mock.assert_called_once_with("localhost")
```
### Mock 异常
```python
@patch("mypackage.api_call")
def test_api_error_handling(api_call_mock):
"""使用 mock 异常测试错误处理。"""
api_call_mock.side_effect = ConnectionError("Network error")
with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
api_call()
api_call_mock.assert_called_once()
```
### Mock 上下文管理器(Context Managers)
```python
@patch("builtins.open", new_callable=mock_open)
def test_file_reading(mock_file):
"""使用 mock 的 open 测试文件读取。"""
mock_file.return_value.read.return_value = "file content"
result = read_file("test.txt")
mock_file.assert_called_once_with("test.txt", "r")
assert result == "file content"
```
### 使用 Autospec
```python
@patch("mypackage.DBConnection", autospec=True)
def test_autospec(db_mock):
"""使用 autospec 捕获 API 滥用。"""
db = db_mock.return_value
db.query("SELECT * FROM users")
# 如果 DBConnection 没有 query 方法,此处将失败
db_mock.assert_called_once()
```
### Mock 类实例
```python
class TestUserService:
@patch("mypackage.UserRepository")
def test_create_user(self, repo_mock):
"""使用 mock 的仓库进行用户创建测试。"""
repo_mock.return_value.save.return_value = User(id=1, name="Alice")
service = UserService(repo_mock.return_value)
user = service.create_user(name="Alice")
assert user.name == "Alice"
repo_mock.return_value.save.assert_called_once()
```
### Mock 属性(Property)
```python
@pytest.fixture
def mock_config():
"""创建一个带有属性的 mock。"""
config = Mock()
type(config).debug = PropertyMock(return_value=True)
type(config).api_key = PropertyMock(return_value="test-key")
return config
def test_with_mock_config(mock_config):
"""使用 mock 配置属性进行测试。"""
assert mock_config.debug is True
assert mock_config.api_key == "test-key"
```
## 测试异步代码
### 使用 pytest-asyncio 进行异步测试
```python
import pytest
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_function():
"""测试异步函数。"""
result = await async_add(2, 3)
assert result == 5
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_async_with_fixture(async_client):
"""在异步 fixture 下进行异步测试。"""
response = await async_client.get("/api/users")
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