generate-signature-for-vfuncoffset

name

generate-signature-for-vfuncoffset

description

Generate and validate unique byte signatures for instructions containing a virtual-function offset using IDA Pro MCP. Use this skill when you need a signature for an instruction like call qword ptr [rax+538h], where the vfunc offset (0x538) must be explicitly fixed in the first instruction bytes. Triggers: vfunc offset signature, signature for vfunc offset, virtual function offset signature, call [reg+offset] signature

Generate Signature for VFunc Offset

Generate a unique hex byte signature that locates an instruction containing a specific vfunc offset (for example: call qword ptr [rax+538h]).

Core Concept

For vfunc-offset signatures, we signature the instruction containing the vfunc offset, not the function body itself.

Hard requirements:

1. Signature must start at the target instruction address.
2. The first instruction must be fully fixed (no wildcard bytes at all).
3. The displacement bytes carrying vfuncoffset in the first instruction must be explicitly included (not wildcarded).
4. Only instructions after the first instruction may use wildcarding.
5. Signature length grows by complete instruction boundaries and stops at the shortest unique prefix.

Prerequisites

• Target instruction address (the instruction that contains vfunc offset)
• Expected vfuncoffset value (e.g. 0x538)
• IDA Pro MCP connection

Method

1. Generate and Validate Signature (Single Step)

Use a single py_eval call that:

• Validates the input instruction contains the expected vfuncoffset displacement.
• Collects instruction bytes from the target instruction forward.
• Enforces no wildcard in the first instruction.
• Applies programmatic wildcarding only on following instructions.
• Tracks instruction boundaries so prefixes always end on complete instructions.
• Progressively tests uniqueness via bin_search3.
• Outputs the shortest unique signature as vfunc_sig.

mcp__ida-pro-mcp__py_eval code="""
import idaapi, ida_bytes, idautils, ida_ua, ida_segment, json

def main():
    target_inst = <inst_addr>
    target_vfunc_offset = <vfunc_offset>   # e.g. 0x538 from "call qword ptr [rax+538h]"
    min_sig_bytes = 6
    max_sig_bytes = 96
    max_instructions = 64

    f = idaapi.get_func(target_inst)
    if not f:
        print(json.dumps({
            "inst_va": hex(target_inst),
            "error": "target instruction is not inside a known function",
            "status": "failed"
        }))
        return

    insn0 = idautils.DecodeInstruction(target_inst)
    if not insn0 or insn0.size <= 0:
        print(json.dumps({
            "inst_va": hex(target_inst),
            "error": "failed to decode target instruction",
            "status": "failed"
        }))
        return

    raw0 = ida_bytes.get_bytes(target_inst, insn0.size)
    if not raw0:
        print(json.dumps({
            "inst_va": hex(target_inst),
            "error": "failed to read target instruction bytes",
            "status": "failed"
        }))
        return

    def find_vfunc_disp_matches(insn, raw, expected):
        hits = []
        for op in insn.ops:
            ot = int(op.type)
            if ot == int(idaapi.o_void):
                continue
            if ot not in (int(idaapi.o_displ), int(idaapi.o_mem), int(idaapi.o_imm)):
                continue

            for attr in ("offb", "offo"):
                off = int(getattr(op, attr, 0))
                if off <= 0 or off >= insn.size:
                    continue

                sizes = []
                dsz = ida_ua.get_dtype_size(getattr(op, "dtype", getattr(op, "dtyp", 0)))
                if dsz > 0:
                    sizes.append(dsz)
                for s in (1, 2, 4, 8):
                    if s not in sizes:
                        sizes.append(s)

                for sz in sizes:
                    if off + sz > insn.size:
                        continue
                    unsigned_val = int.from_bytes(raw[off:off + sz], "little", signed=False)
                    signed_val = int.from_bytes(raw[off:off + sz], "little", signed=True)
                    expected_mod = expected & ((1 << (8 * sz)) - 1)
                    if unsigned_val == expected_mod or signed_val == expected:
                        hits.append((off, sz, unsigned_val, signed_val))

        uniq = []
        seen = set()
        for h in hits:
            key = (h[0], h[1])
            if key not in seen:
                seen.add(key)
                uniq.append(h)
        return uniq

    disp_hits = find_vfunc_disp_matches(insn0, raw0, target_vfunc_offset)
    if not disp_hits:
        print(json.dumps({
            "inst_va": hex(target_inst),
            "inst_bytes": " ".join(f"{b:02X}" for b in raw0),
            "vfunc_offset": hex(target_vfunc_offset),
            "error": "target instruction does not contain the expected vfunc offset",
            "status": "failed"
        }))
        return

    # Prefer the largest matching displacement size so we lock the full offset bytes.
    disp_hits.sort(key=lambda x: (x[1], -x[0]), reverse=True)
    disp_off, disp_size, _, _ = disp_hits[0]

    seg = ida_segment.get_segm_by_name(".text")
    if seg:
        search_start, search_end = seg.start_ea, seg.end_ea
    else:
        search_start, search_end = idaapi.cvar.inf.min_ea, idaapi.cvar.inf.max_ea

    limit_end = min(f.end_ea, target_inst + max_sig_bytes)
    sig_tokens = []
    inst_boundaries = []
    cursor = target_inst
    inst_count = 0
    first_len = None

    while (
        cursor < f.end_ea
        and cursor < limit_end
        and len(sig_tokens) < max_sig_bytes
        and inst_count < max_instructions
    ):
        insn = idautils.DecodeInstruction(cursor)
        if not insn or insn.size <= 0:
            break
        raw = ida_bytes.get_bytes(cursor, insn.size)
        if not raw:
            break

        wild = set()

        if cursor == target_inst:
            # Hard rule: first instruction must be fully fixed, including vfunc offset bytes.
            first_len = insn.size
        else:
            # Auto-wildcard volatile operand bytes after the first instruction.
            for op in insn.ops:
                ot = int(op.type)
                if ot == int(idaapi.o_void):
                    continue
                if ot in (int(idaapi.o_imm), int(idaapi.o_near), int(idaapi.o_far), int(idaapi.o_mem), int(idaapi.o_displ)):
                    offb = int(getattr(op, "offb", 0))
                    if offb > 0 and offb < insn.size:
                        dsz = ida_ua.get_dtype_size(getattr(op, "dtype", getattr(op, "dtyp", 0)))
                        if dsz <= 0:
                            dsz = insn.size - offb
                        for i in range(offb, min(insn.size, offb + dsz)):
                            wild.add(i)

                    offo = int(getattr(op, "offo", 0))
                    if offo > 0 and offo < insn.size:
                        dsz2 = ida_ua.get_dtype_size(getattr(op, "dtype", getattr(op, "dtyp", 0)))
                        if dsz2 <= 0:
                            dsz2 = insn.size - offo
                        for i in range(offo, min(insn.size, offo + dsz2)):
                            wild.add(i)

            # Branch/call rel targets are volatile.
            b0 = raw[0]
            if b0 in (0xE8, 0xE9, 0xEB):
                for i in range(1, insn.size):
                    wild.add(i)
            elif b0 == 0x0F and insn.size >= 2 and (raw[1] & 0xF0) == 0x80:
                for i in range(2, insn.size):
                    wild.add(i)
            elif 0x70 <= b0 <= 0x7F:
                for i in range(1, insn.size):
                    wild.add(i)

        for idx in range(insn.size):
            if len(sig_tokens) >= max_sig_bytes:
                break
            sig_tokens.append("??" if idx in wild else f"{raw[idx]:02X}")

        inst_boundaries.append(len(sig_tokens))
        cursor += insn.size
        inst_count += 1

    if not sig_tokens or first_len is None:
        print(json.dumps({
            "inst_va": hex(target_inst),
            "error": "no signature bytes collected",
            "status": "failed"
        }))
        return

    min_boundary = max(min_sig_bytes, first_len)
    best_sig = None
    best_boundary = 0

    for boundary in inst_boundaries:
        if boundary < min_boundary:
            continue

        prefix_tokens = sig_tokens[:boundary]
        if all(t == "??" for t in prefix_tokens):
            continue

        pattern_str = " ".join("?" if t == "??" else t for t in prefix_tokens)
        pat = ida_bytes.compiled_binpat_vec_t()
        ida_bytes.parse_binpat_str(pat, search_start, pattern_str, 16)
        flags = ida_bytes.BIN_SEARCH_FORWARD | ida_bytes.BIN_SEARCH_NOBREAK

        matches = []
        res = ida_bytes.bin_search3(search_start, search_end, pat, flags)
        ea = res[0] if isinstance(res, tuple) else res
        while ea != idaapi.BADADDR and len(matches) < 2:
            matches.append(ea)
            res = ida_bytes.bin_search3(ea + 1, search_end, pat, flags)
            ea = res[0] if isinstance(res, tuple) else res

        if len(matches) == 1 and matches[0] == target_inst:
            best_sig = " ".join(prefix_tokens)
            best_boundary = boundary
            break

    if best_sig:
        print(json.dumps({
            "vfunc_sig": best_sig,
            "sig_bytes": best_boundary,
            "vfunc_sig_va": hex(target_inst),
            "vfunc_inst_offset": 0,
            "vfunc_inst_length": first_len,
            "vfunc_disp_offset": disp_off,
            "vfunc_disp_size": disp_size,
            "vfunc_offset": hex(target_vfunc_offset),
            "status": "success"
        }))
    else:
        print(json.dumps({
            "vfunc_sig_va": hex(target_inst),
            "vfunc_offset": hex(target_vfunc_offset),
            "first_inst_bytes": " ".join(f"{b:02X}" for b in raw0),
            "total_tokens": len(sig_tokens),
            "sig_full": " ".join(sig_tokens),
            "error": "no unique prefix found within collected bytes",
            "status": "failed"
        }))

main()
"""

Result handling:

• status == "success" -> Use vfunc_sig directly as final signature.
• status == "failed" -> See Step 2.

2. Iterate if Needed

If Step 1 returns status: "failed":

1. Increase max_sig_bytes (e.g. from 96 to 192) and re-run Step 1.
2. Increase max_instructions (e.g. from 64 to 128) if function instructions are short.
3. If still not unique, use a different instruction that references the same vfunc offset and re-run.

Keep the hard rule unchanged: first instruction remains fully fixed and must include explicit offset bytes.

3. Continue with Unfinished Tasks

If we are called by a task from a task list / parent SKILL, restore and continue with the unfinished tasks.

Output Format

Required:

• vfunc_sig: Space-separated hex bytes with ?? for wildcards.

Recommended metadata:

• vfunc_sig_va: VA of matched instruction.
• vfunc_inst_offset: Always 0 (signature starts at target instruction).
• vfunc_inst_length: Length of the first instruction.
• vfunc_disp_offset: Displacement position inside first instruction.
• vfunc_disp_size: Displacement byte size.
• vfunc_offset: The expected vfunc offset used for validation.

Example Output

vfunc_sig: "FF 90 38 05 00 00 48 8B ?? ?? ?? ?? 48 85 C0 74 ??"
vfunc_sig_va: 0x180123456
vfunc_inst_offset: 0
vfunc_inst_length: 6
vfunc_disp_offset: 2
vfunc_disp_size: 4
vfunc_offset: 0x538