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Use this Skill for artifact analysis: typological classification, ceramic attribute coding, lithic reduction analysis, and correspondence analysis.
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Download and analyze oceanographic data from Copernicus Marine Service and Argo floats using copernicusmarine, gsw, and xarray.
| name | artifact-analysis |
| description | Use this Skill for artifact analysis: typological classification, ceramic attribute coding, lithic reduction analysis, and correspondence analysis. |
| tags | ["archaeology","artifact-analysis","typology","ceramics","lithics"] |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| authors | [{"name":"Rosetta Skills Contributors","github":"@xjtulyc"}] |
| license | MIT |
| platforms | ["claude-code","codex","gemini-cli","cursor"] |
| dependencies | {"python":["pandas>=2.0","numpy>=1.24","scipy>=1.11","scikit-learn>=1.3","matplotlib>=3.7"]} |
| last_updated | 2026-03-17 |
| status | stable |
One-line summary: Code, classify, and statistically analyze archaeological artifacts: ceramic typology via correspondence analysis, lithic reduction sequences, and attribute cluster analysis.
Trigger keywords: artifact analysis, ceramic analysis, typology, lithic analysis, debitage, ceramic sherds, correspondence analysis, attribute coding, assemblage diversity, pottery classification, chaîne opératoire, flintknapping, cluster analysis
Exploratory multivariate technique for contingency tables. Decomposes the chi-squared distance between rows and columns of a frequency table into principal axes:
$$ \chi^2 = N \sum_{ij} \frac{(p_{ij} - p_{i+}p_{+j})^2}{p_{i+}p_{+j}} $$
Biplot shows rows (types) and columns (attributes) in low-dimensional space, revealing typological patterns.
Macroscopic attributes indicating reduction stage:
pip install pandas>=2.0 numpy>=1.24 scipy>=1.11 scikit-learn>=1.3 matplotlib>=3.7
# Optional: prince for correspondence analysis
pip install prince>=0.13
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats chi2_contingency
np.random.seed()
test_data = pd.DataFrame({
: []* + []*,
: np.random.choice([,,], ),
})
ct = pd.crosstab(test_data[], test_data[])
chi2, p, dof, expected = chi2_contingency(ct)
()
()
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import chi2_contingency
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
# Simulate ceramic sherd database from multiple sites/contexts
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
np.random.seed(42)
n_sherds = 500
# Attribute coding (typical recording sheet variables)
data = {
'sherd_id': [f"SH{i:04d}" for i in range(n_sherds)],
'site': np.random.choice(['Tell A', 'Tell B', 'Tell C', 'Tell D'], n_sherds,
p=[0.35, 0.30, 0.20, 0.15]),
'context': np.random.choice(['midden', 'floor', 'pit', 'fill'], n_sherds,
p=[0.40, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15]),
'ware': np.random.choice(['Local plain', 'Local painted', 'Imported fine',
'Coarseware', 'Pithos'], n_sherds,
p=[0.35, 0.25, 0.15, 0.20, 0.05]),
'form': np.random.choice(['bowl', 'jar', 'jug', 'platter', 'flask', 'unknown'], n_sherds,
p=[0.30, 0.25, 0.20, 0.10, 0.05, 0.10]),
'decoration': np.random.choice(['plain', 'geometric', 'floral', 'incised', 'none'], n_sherds,
p=[0.30, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10]),
'firing': np.random.choice(['well-fired', 'underfired', 'overfired'], n_sherds,
p=[0.65, 0.20, 0.15]),
'wall_thickness_mm': np.random.normal(8, 2, n_sherds).clip(3, 20),
'weight_g': np.random.lognormal(3, 0.8, n_sherds),
'period': np.random.choice(['Early Bronze', 'Middle Bronze', 'Late Bronze', 'Iron Age'], n_sherds,
p=[0.20, 0.30, 0.30, 0.20]),
'has_soot': np.random.choice([True, False], n_sherds, p=[0.20, 0.80]),
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(f"Ceramic database: {len(df)} sherds from {df['site'].nunique()} sites")
print(f"\nWare distribution:")
print(df['ware'].value_counts())
# ---- Ware × Site cross-tabulation ------------------------------ #
ct_ware_site = pd.crosstab(df['site'], df['ware'])
chi2, p_chi2, dof, expected = chi2_contingency(ct_ware_site)
print(f"\nWare distribution varies by site? χ²={chi2:.2f}, df={dof}, p={p_chi2:.4f}")
# ---- Assemblage diversity by site ------------------------------ #
def shannon_diversity(counts):
p = counts / counts.sum()
p = p[p > 0]
return -np.sum(p * np.log(p))
def evenness(counts):
H = shannon_diversity(counts)
S = (counts > 0).sum()
return H / np.log(S) if S > 1 else 0
div_stats = []
for site_name, group in df.groupby('site'):
ware_counts = group['ware'].value_counts()
div_stats.append({
'site': site_name,
'n_sherds': len(group),
'richness': len(ware_counts),
'shannon_H': shannon_diversity(ware_counts),
'evenness_J': evenness(ware_counts),
'mean_thickness': group['wall_thickness_mm'].mean(),
})
div_df = pd.DataFrame(div_stats)
print("\nAssemblage diversity by site:")
print(div_df.round(3).to_string(index=False))
# ---- Visualization --------------------------------------------- #
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 9))
# Stacked bar: ware by site
ct_pct = ct_ware_site.div(ct_ware_site.sum(axis=1), axis=0) * 100
ct_pct.plot(kind='bar', stacked=True, ax=axes[0][0], cmap='tab10', edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.5)
axes[0][0].set_title("Ware Composition by Site (%)"); axes[0][0].set_xlabel("Site")
axes[0][0].set_ylabel("Percentage"); axes[0][0].legend(fontsize=7, loc='upper right')
axes[0][0].tick_params(axis='x', rotation=20)
# Diversity indices
x = np.arange(len(div_df))
axes[0][1].bar(x - 0.2, div_df['shannon_H'], width=0.35, label="Shannon H",
color='steelblue', edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.7)
axes[0][1].bar(x + 0.2, div_df['evenness_J'], width=0.35, label="Evenness J",
color='coral', edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.7)
axes[0][1].set_xticks(x); axes[0][1].set_xticklabels(div_df['site'])
axes[0][1].set_title("Assemblage Diversity by Site"); axes[0][1].legend()
axes[0][1].grid(axis='y', alpha=0.3)
# Wall thickness by ware
df.boxplot(column='wall_thickness_mm', by='ware', ax=axes[1][0], grid=True)
axes[1][0].set_title("Wall Thickness by Ware"); axes[1][0].set_xlabel("Ware type")
axes[1][0].set_ylabel("Thickness (mm)"); plt.sca(axes[1][0]); plt.xticks(rotation=20, fontsize=8)
# Period distribution by site
ct_period = pd.crosstab(df['site'], df['period'])
ct_period.plot(kind='bar', ax=axes[1][1], cmap='viridis', edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.5)
axes[1][1].set_title("Chronological Distribution by Site")
axes[1][1].set_xlabel("Site"); axes[1][1].set_ylabel("Sherd count")
axes[1][1].tick_params(axis='x', rotation=20); axes[1][1].legend(fontsize=8)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("ceramic_analysis.png", dpi=150)
plt.show()
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.linalg import svd
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
# Correspondence Analysis (CA) on ceramics contingency table
# Reveals associations between sites/contexts and ware types
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
def correspondence_analysis(contingency_table):
"""
Compute correspondence analysis.
Returns: row_coords, col_coords, explained_variance (per axis)
"""
N = contingency_table.values.astype(float)
n = N.sum()
P = N / n # Relative frequencies
row_masses = P.sum(axis=1) # r
col_masses = P.sum(axis=0) # c
# Expected frequencies
E = np.outer(row_masses, col_masses)
# Standardized residual matrix
S = (P - E) / np.sqrt(E)
# SVD
U, d, Vt = svd(S, full_matrices=False)
# Row coordinates (standard)
row_coords = np.diag(1/np.sqrt(row_masses)) @ U @ np.diag(d)
# Column coordinates (standard)
col_coords = np.diag(1/np.sqrt(col_masses)) @ Vt.T @ np.diag(d)
# Explained inertia
inertia = d**2
explained = inertia / inertia.sum() * 100
return row_coords[:, :2], col_coords[:, :2], explained[:2]
# Use ware × context cross-tabulation
ct_ca = pd.crosstab(df['context'], df['ware'])
print("Contingency table (context × ware):")
print(ct_ca)
row_coords, col_coords, explained = correspondence_analysis(ct_ca)
print(f"\nCA explained variance: Axis 1 = {explained[0]:.1f}%, Axis 2 = {explained[1]:.1f}%")
# ---- Biplot ----------------------------------------------------- #
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 7))
# Row points (contexts) — squares
ax.scatter(row_coords[:, 0], row_coords[:, 1], s=200, marker='s',
c='#e74c3c', edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.8, zorder=5, label='Contexts')
for i, label in enumerate(ct_ca.index):
ax.annotate(label, (row_coords[i, 0], row_coords[i, 1]),
fontsize=11, fontweight='bold', color='#e74c3c',
xytext=(5, 5), textcoords='offset points')
# Column points (ware types) — circles
ax.scatter(col_coords[:, 0], col_coords[:, 1], s=150, marker='o',
c='#3498db', edgecolors='black', linewidths=0.8, zorder=5, label='Ware types')
for i, label in enumerate(ct_ca.columns):
ax.annotate(label, (col_coords[i, 0], col_coords[i, 1]),
fontsize=9, color='#3498db',
xytext=(5, -10), textcoords='offset points')
ax.axhline(0, color='gray', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
ax.axvline(0, color='gray', linewidth=0.5, linestyle='--')
ax.set_xlabel(f"CA Axis 1 ({explained[0]:.1f}%)")
ax.set_ylabel(f"CA Axis 2 ({explained[1]:.1f}%)")
ax.set_title("Correspondence Analysis: Ceramic Context × Ware Type")
ax.legend(loc='upper right'); ax.grid(True, alpha=0.2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("correspondence_analysis.png", dpi=150)
plt.show()
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import spearmanr, kruskal
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
# Lithic assemblage analysis: reduction sequence from debitage
# ------------------------------------------------------------------ #
np.random.seed(42)
n_lithics = 400
# Flake attributes (simulated)
lithics_data = {
'artifact_id': [f"L{i:04d}" for i in range(n_lithics)],
'site': np.random.choice(['Area 1', 'Area 2', 'Area 3'], n_lithics, p=[0.5, 0.3, 0.2]),
'material': np.random.choice(['Flint', 'Obsidian', 'Chert', 'Quartzite'], n_lithics,
p=[0.50, 0.20, 0.25, 0.05]),
'type': np.random.choice(['Primary flake', 'Secondary flake', 'Interior flake',
'Blade', 'Core', 'Biface', 'Tool'], n_lithics,
p=[0.15, 0.25, 0.30, 0.10, 0.05, 0.05, 0.10]),
'cortex_pct': np.random.choice([0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100], n_lithics),
'length_mm': np.random.lognormal(3.2, 0.5, n_lithics),
'width_mm': np.random.lognormal(2.9, 0.5, n_lithics),
'thickness_mm': np.random.lognormal(1.8, 0.5, n_lithics),
'platform': np.random.choice(['cortical', 'plain', 'faceted', 'punctiform', 'absent'], n_lithics,
p=[0.15, 0.40, 0.25, 0.10, 0.10]),
'flake_scars': np.random.randint(0, 15, n_lithics),
'retouched': np.random.choice([True, False], n_lithics, p=[0.15, 0.85]),
}
lithics_df = pd.DataFrame(lithics_data)
# Compute reduction index (proxy: log weight ÷ dorsal scar count)
lithics_df['weight_g'] = (lithics_df['length_mm'] * lithics_df['width_mm'] * lithics_df['thickness_mm']) * 0.002
lithics_df['reduction_index'] = (lithics_df['flake_scars'] + 1) / (lithics_df['cortex_pct']/100 + 0.1)
print(f"Lithic assemblage: {len(lithics_df)} artifacts")
print("\nType distribution:")
print(lithics_df['type'].value_counts())
# ---- Reduction stage by cortex percentage ---------------------- #
cortex_by_type = lithics_df.groupby('type')['cortex_pct'].describe()
print("\nCortex % by artifact type:")
print(cortex_by_type[['mean','std','50%']].round(1))
# ---- Platform × flake type association ------------------------- #
ct_plat = pd.crosstab(lithics_df['type'], lithics_df['platform'])
from scipy.stats import chi2_contingency
chi2, p, _, _ = chi2_contingency(ct_plat)
print(f"\nPlatform × type: χ²={chi2:.2f}, p={p:.4f}")
# ---- Metric analysis by material -------------------------------- #
# Kruskal-Wallis test for length differences by material
materials = lithics_df['material'].unique()
groups = [lithics_df[lithics_df['material']==m]['length_mm'].values for m in materials]
h_stat, p_kw = kruskal(*groups)
print(f"\nLength by material (Kruskal-Wallis): H={h_stat:.2f}, p={p_kw:.4f}")
# ---- Visualization --------------------------------------------- #
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 9))
# Type distribution
type_counts = lithics_df['type'].value_counts()
colors_lit = ['#8B4513','#D2691E','#A0522D','#CD853F','#DEB887','#F4A460','#FFDEAD']
axes[0][0].barh(type_counts.index, type_counts.values, color=colors_lit[:len(type_counts)],
edgecolor='black', linewidth=0.7)
axes[0][0].set_xlabel("Count"); axes[0][0].set_title("Lithic Type Distribution")
axes[0][0].grid(axis='x', alpha=0.3)
# Reduction sequence: cortex by type
lithics_df.boxplot(column='cortex_pct', by='type', ax=axes[0][1])
axes[0][1].set_title("Cortex % by Artifact Type (Reduction Stage)")
axes[0][1].set_xlabel("Artifact type"); axes[0][1].set_ylabel("Cortex %")
plt.sca(axes[0][1]); plt.xticks(rotation=30, fontsize=7)
# Length distribution by material
for mat in materials:
subset = lithics_df[lithics_df['material']==mat]['length_mm']
axes[1][0].hist(subset, bins=20, alpha=0.5, density=True, label=mat)
axes[1][0].set_xlabel("Length (mm)"); axes[1][0].set_ylabel("Density")
axes[1][0].set_title("Flake Length Distribution by Raw Material")
axes[1][0].legend(fontsize=8); axes[1][0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
# Length × width scatter (flake shape)
axes[1][1].scatter(lithics_df['length_mm'], lithics_df['width_mm'],
c=['#3498db' if r else '#e74c3c' for r in lithics_df['retouched']],
s=15, alpha=0.5)
axes[1][1].set_xlabel("Length (mm)"); axes[1][1].set_ylabel("Width (mm)")
axes[1][1].set_title("Flake Dimensions (blue=unretouched, red=retouched)")
axes[1][1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("lithic_analysis.png", dpi=150)
plt.show()
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.cluster.hierarchy import dendrogram, linkage
from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist
# Build site-level attribute matrix (ware proportions)
ct_site_ware = pd.crosstab(df['site'], df['ware'], normalize='index')
# Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (for compositional data)
try:
from scipy.spatial.distance import braycurtis
bc_matrix = np.zeros((len(ct_site_ware), len(ct_site_ware)))
for i in range(len(ct_site_ware)):
for j in range(len(ct_site_ware)):
bc_matrix[i,j] = braycurtis(ct_site_ware.iloc[i], ct_site_ware.iloc[j])
except Exception:
bc_matrix = pdist(ct_site_ware.values, metric='euclidean')
from scipy.spatial.distance import squareform
try:
dist_condensed = squareform(bc_matrix)
except Exception:
dist_condensed = pdist(ct_site_ware.values, metric='euclidean')
Z = linkage(dist_condensed, method='ward')
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
dendrogram(Z, labels=ct_site_ware.index.tolist(), ax=ax)
ax.set_title("Assemblage Cluster Analysis (Ward linkage, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity)")
ax.set_xlabel("Site"); ax.set_ylabel("Dissimilarity")
ax.grid(axis='y', alpha=0.3)
plt.tight_layout(); plt.savefig("assemblage_cluster.png", dpi=150); plt.show()
SVD sign is arbitrary. Multiply both row and column coordinates by -1 for a given axis if needed for interpretability — the relative positions remain the same.
Fix: Merge rare categories before testing:
# Merge rare wares (<10 counts) into "Other"
rare = ware_counts[ware_counts < 10].index
df['ware_merged'] = df['ware'].replace({w: 'Other' for w in rare})
Fix: Remove outlier rows/columns with very low frequencies before CA:
ct_filtered = ct_ca[ct_ca.sum(axis=1) >= 5] # Min 5 sherds per context
ct_filtered = ct_filtered.loc[:, ct_filtered.sum(axis=0) >= 5]
| Package | Tested versions | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| pandas | 2.0, 2.1 | crosstab normalize parameter stable |
| scipy | 1.11, 1.12 | chi2_contingency, kruskal stable |
| scikit-learn | 1.3, 1.4 | For k-means and hierarchical clustering |
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Reconstruct rim diameter from arc chord length and height (tangent method)
def rim_diameter(chord_length_mm, arc_height_mm):
"""Compute diameter from chord and sagitta (standard ceramics method)."""
r = (chord_length_mm**2 / (8 * arc_height_mm)) + arc_height_mm / 2
return 2 * r
# Example measurements
examples = [(80, 8), (120, 12), (60, 5), (100, 15)]
for chord, sagitta in examples:
diam = rim_diameter(chord, sagitta)
print(f"Chord={chord}mm, Sagitta={sagitta}mm → Diameter={diam:.1f}mm")
import networkx as nx
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Build Harris matrix from stratigraphic relationships
G = nx.DiGraph()
# (A, B) means A is above / later than B
relationships = [
('Topsoil', 'Layer 1'), ('Layer 1', 'Layer 2'), ('Layer 2', 'Pit 1'),
('Layer 2', 'Layer 3'), ('Pit 1', 'Layer 3'), ('Layer 3', 'Natural'),
]
G.add_edges_from(relationships)
pos = nx.spring_layout(G, seed=42)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 6))
nx.draw_networkx(G, pos, ax=ax, node_size=1500, node_color='lightyellow',
arrows=True, arrowsize=20, font_size=9, edge_color='gray')
ax.set_title("Harris Matrix — Stratigraphic Sequence"); ax.axis('off')
plt.tight_layout(); plt.savefig("harris_matrix.png", dpi=150); plt.show()
Last updated: 2026-03-17 | Maintainer: @xjtulyc Issues: GitHub Issues