moai-lang-html-css

Enterprise Skill for advanced development

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name	moai-lang-html-css
version	4.0.0
status	stable
description	Enterprise Skill for advanced development
allowed-tools	Read, Bash, WebSearch, WebFetch

moai-lang-html-css

HTML5 Semantic Markup & CSS Best Practices with Accessibility Focus

Primary Agent: ui-ux-expert Secondary Agent: frontend-expert Version: 1.0.0 Keywords: html, semantic html, html5, css, styling, accessibility, a11y, wcag, responsive, semantics

📖 Progressive Disclosure

Level 1: Quick Reference (Core Concepts)

HTML Semantic Elements form the foundation of accessible, SEO-friendly web pages:

Element	Purpose	Use Case
`<header>`	Page/section header	Logo, navigation, branding
`<nav>`	Navigation container	Menu, breadcrumbs, site links
`<main>`	Primary content	Main page content (only one per page)
`<section>`	Thematic content group	Articles, chapters, topics
`<article>`	Self-contained content	Blog posts, news articles, comments
`<aside>`	Tangentially related content	Sidebars, ads, related links
`<footer>`	Footer section	Copyright, links, metadata

CSS Best Practices:

✅ Mobile-first responsive design (min-width breakpoints)
✅ CSS custom properties for design tokens
✅ Utility-first approach (Tailwind) or BEM methodology
✅ Avoid inline styles; use classes
✅ Minimize CSS specificity (avoid !important)

WCAG 2.1 AA Accessibility Checklist:

4.5:1 color contrast for text
Keyboard navigation (Tab, Enter, Escape, Arrow keys)
Focus indicators (2px solid outline)
Semantic HTML (no <div> for buttons)
ARIA labels where necessary

Level 2: Practical Implementation (Common Patterns)

Pattern 1: Semantic HTML Page Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Accessible Web Page</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
  <!-- Page Header -->
  <header role="banner">
    <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main navigation">
      <a href="/" class="logo">Brand</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
        Services
        Contact
      
    
  

  
  Skip to main content

  
  
    
    
      Article Title
      Article introduction...
      
        Section Heading
        Section content...
      
    

    
    
      Related Articles
      
        Related article 1
        Related article 2
      
    
  

  
  
     2025 Company Name. All rights reserved.

Pattern 2: Accessible Form with Labels

<!-- WCAG 2.1 AA Compliant Form -->
<form method="POST" action="/submit">
  <fieldset>
    <legend>Contact Information</legend>

    <!-- Email Input with Label -->
    <div class="form-group">
      <label for="email">Email Address *</label>
      <input
        id="email"
        type="email"
        name="email"
        required
        aria-required="true"
        aria-describedby="email-help"
      >
      <small id="email-help">We'll never share your email</small>
    </div>

    <!-- Text Area -->
    <div class="form-group">
      <label for="message">Message *</label>
      <textarea
        id=
        =
        =
        
        =
      >
    

    
    
      
    

    
    
      Send Message

Pattern 3: Responsive CSS with Custom Properties

/* Design Tokens as CSS Custom Properties */
:root {
  /* Colors */
  --color-primary: #0ea5e9;
  --color-primary-dark: #0284c7;
  --color-secondary: #8b5cf6;
  --color-neutral-900: #111827;
  --color-neutral-500: #6b7280;
  --color-neutral-100: #f3f4f6;

  /* Typography */
  --font-family-sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
  --font-family-mono: "Monaco", "Menlo", "Ubuntu Mono", monospace;
  --font-size-sm: 0.875rem;
  --font-size-base: 1rem;
  --font-size-lg: 1.125rem;
  --font-size-xl: 1.25rem;
  --font-size-2xl: 1.5rem;
  --font-weight-normal: 400;
  --font-weight-medium: 500;
  --font-weight-bold: 700;

  /* Spacing (8px base unit) */
  --spacing-xs: 0.25rem;
  --spacing-sm: 0.5rem;
  --spacing-md: 1rem;
  --spacing-lg: 1.5rem;
  --spacing-xl: 2rem;
  --spacing-2xl: 3rem;

  
  : ;
  : ;
  : ;
  : ;

  
  :    (, , , );
  :    (, , , );
  :    (, , , );
}


 {
  : smooth;
}

 {
  : (--font-family-sans);
  : (--font-size-base);
  : (--color-neutral-);
  : ;
  -webkit-: antialiased;
}


, , , , ,  {
  : (--font-weight-bold);
  : ;
}

 {
  : (--font-size-xl);
  : (--spacing-lg);
}

 {
  : (--font-size-xl);
  : (--spacing-md);
}

 {
  : (--spacing-md);
}


 {
  : inline-flex;
  : center;
  : center;
  : (--spacing-sm) (--spacing-md);
  : (--font-weight-medium);
  : none;
  : ;
  : pointer;
  : all  ease;

  
  : none;
}

 {
  :  solid (--color-primary);
  : ;
}

 {
  : ;
  : not-allowed;
}

 {
  : (--color-primary);
  : white;
}

 {
  : (--color-primary-dark);
}


 {
  : (--spacing-lg);
}

 {
  : block;
  : (--font-weight-medium);
  : (--spacing-sm);
}

, ,  {
  : ;
  : (--spacing-sm) (--spacing-md);
  :  solid (--color-neutral-);
  : ;
  : inherit;
  : inherit;
}

, ,  {
  : none;
  : (--color-primary);
  :     (, , , );
}

 {
  : ;
}


 {
  : grid;
  : (--spacing-md);
}

 (: var(--breakpoint-md)) {
   {
    : (, fr);
  }
}

 (: var(--breakpoint-lg)) {
   {
    : (, fr);
  }
}


 {
  : absolute;
  : ;
  : ;
  : ;
  : -;
  : hidden;
  : (, , , );
  : nowrap;
  : ;
}


 {
  :  solid (--color-primary);
  : ;
}

Level 3: Advanced Patterns (Expert Reference)

Advanced Pattern 1: Accessible Modal Dialog

<div role="dialog"
     aria-modal="true"
     aria-labelledby="modal-title"
     aria-describedby="modal-description">
  <div class="modal-overlay" onclick="closeModal()"></div>
  <div class="modal-content">
    <button
      class="modal-close"
      aria-label="Close dialog"
      onclick="closeModal()">
      ✕
    </button>
    <h2 id="modal-title">Dialog Title</h2>
    <p id="modal-description">Dialog description...</p>
    <button class="btn btn-primary">Action</button>
  </div>
</div>

<style>
  [role="dialog"] {
    position: fixed;
    : ;
    : ;
    : ;
    : ;
    : flex;
    : center;
    : center;
    : ;
  }

   {
    : absolute;
    : ;
    : (, , , );
  }

   {
    : relative;
    : white;
    : ;
    : ;
    : ;
    :    (, , , );
  }

  
    {
    :  solid (--color-primary);
  }

Advanced Pattern 2: Skip Navigation (A11y Best Practice)

<!-- Place at very beginning of <body> -->
<a href="#main" class="sr-only skip-link">Skip to main content</a>

<style>
  .skip-link {
    position: absolute;
    top: -40px;
    left: 0;
    background: var(--color-primary);
    color: white;
    padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
    text-decoration: none;
    z-index: 100;
  }

  .skip-link:focus {
    top: 0;
  }
</style>

🎯 Best Practices Checklist

HTML

✅ Use semantic HTML5 elements (<header>, <nav>, <main>, <section>, <article>, <aside>, <footer>)
✅ Proper heading hierarchy (<h1> → <h2> → <h3>, never skip levels)
✅ Form labels explicitly connected with <label for="id"> and input id="id"
✅ Alternative text for all images: <img alt="description">
✅ Landmark roles for screen readers: role="banner", role="main", role="contentinfo"

CSS

✅ Mobile-first responsive design (start at mobile, add styles for larger screens)
✅ Use CSS custom properties for design tokens (colors, spacing, typography)
✅ Maintain 4.5:1 color contrast for normal text (WCAG AA)
✅ Visible focus indicators for keyboard users (:focus-visible, 2px outline)
✅ Use rem or em for sizing (not px) for better font scaling

Accessibility (WCAG 2.1 AA)

✅ Color contrast: Text 4.5:1, UI components 3:1 (use WebAIM contrast checker)
✅ Keyboard navigation: All functionality accessible via Tab, Enter, Escape, arrow keys
✅ Focus visible: Clear focus indicators (2px solid outline preferred)
✅ Semantic HTML foundation: Proper heading levels, form labels, alt text
✅ ARIA only when semantic HTML insufficient: aria-label, aria-describedby, role="alert"
✅ Skip links: Allow skipping repetitive navigation

📚 Official References

W3C HTML5 Spec: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/
WCAG 2.1 Guidelines: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/
MDN Web Docs - HTML: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML
MDN Web Docs - CSS: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS
WebAIM - Contrast Checker: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/
WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/

🔗 Related Skills

Skill("moai-lang-tailwind-css") – Utility-first CSS framework
Skill("moai-lib-shadcn-ui") – React components with Tailwind + Radix
Skill("moai-domain-frontend") – Full frontend architecture