| name | sap-qm |
| description | This skill handles SAP QM (품질관리) tasks including Inspection Lot (QA01/QA02/QA03), Inspection Plan (QP01/QP02/QP03), Results Recording (QE01/QE51N), Usage Decision (QA11/QA12/QA13), Quality Notification (QM01/QM02/QM03), Quality Certificate (QC01/QC21), Quality Info Record (QI01/QI02/QI03), and Stability Study. Use when user mentions QM, 품질관리, 품질검사, inspection lot, 검사로트, inspection plan, 검사계획, usage decision, 사용결정, quality notification, 품질통보, MIC, 검사특성, quality certificate, 인증서, sampling, 샘플링.
|
| allowed-tools | Read, Grep |
SAP Quality Management (QM) Skill
1. Environment Intake Checklist
Before starting QM troubleshooting or configuration, collect:
- SAP Release: ECC 6.0 (SP number), S/4HANA 1909+, S/4HANA Cloud
- Deployment: On-premise (ECC/S/4 OP) | Private Cloud (RISE) | Public Cloud (SAP QMS)
- QM Activation:
SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management configured?
- Scope: 구매(MM) 수입검사 | 생산(PP) 공정검사 | 판매(SD) 납품검사
- Industry: 제조업(일반) | 화학 | 제약(GMP) | 식품(HACCP) | 자동차(IATF 16949)
- Quality Strategy: 100% 검사 | Sampling plan (AQL-based) | Zero-inspection (trusted supplier)
- Integration: MM-QM 구매검사 | PP-QM 공정검사 | SD-QM 납품검사 | QM-PM 통지서 연동
Skill will adapt all answers to user's specific SAP release, deployment, and industry context.
2. Quality Planning (QP01/QP02/QP03, QS21/QS31, QDV1)
2.1 Inspection Plan Structure (검사계획)
Transaction: QP01 (Create), QP02 (Change), QP03 (Display)
Logical hierarchy:
Inspection Plan Header (PLKO)
├─ Plan Number (PLNNR): 자동 또는 수동 부여
├─ Material (PLKO-MATNR) + Plant (PLKO-WERKS)
├─ Inspection Type (PLKO-LOART):
│ ├─ 01: Purchasing (구매 입고 검사)
│ ├─ 03: Production (공정 검사)
│ ├─ 04: Sales (판매 출고 검사)
│ └─ 08/09: Recurring/Source
├─ Valid from/to (PLKO-GDATU ~ PLKO-GDATU_END)
└─ Status: 1=Created, 2=Released, 3=Locked
└─ Inspection Operations (PLPO) — 검사 단계별
├─ Operation number (OPNR): 10, 20, 30...
├─ MICs (Master Inspection Characteristics — PLMK)
└─ Sampling Procedure (QDV1 reference)
Key Tables:
PLKO: Plan header (Inspection plan name, type, dates)PLPO: Plan operations (Operation sequencing, MIC assignment)PLMK: Plan-MIC assignment (QPMK reference)QPMK: Master Inspection Characteristics (검사특성 마스터)
한국 현장 팁: IATF 16949 대비 각 Operation마다 검사기준(Specification) 명확히 입력 필수. LSL/Target/USL 3개 다 입력.
2.2 Master Inspection Characteristics (MIC) — QS21/QS31
QS21 Transaction (Create MIC):
- MIC Code (QPMK-MERKM): 산도, 경도, 수분율, Tensile strength 등
- Type (QPMK-MERTY): 1=Quantitative (수치), 2=Qualitative (합격/불합격)
- Unit of measure (QPMK-MEINS): mg/L, HV, %, ppm
- Valuation (QPMK-BWFL): A=Automatic, B=Manual, C=Reference sample
Specification Definition (QS31 — Material에 대한 MIC 기준값):
- LSL (Lower Spec Limit): QPSP-LSL
- Target (Nominal): QPSP-ZIELW
- USL (Upper Spec Limit): QPSP-USL
- Tolerance (±): QPSP-ABWG
예시 (제약 API 수분율):
MIC Code: MOISTURE
Type: Quantitative
Unit: %
Specification:
LSL: 1.0%
Target: 2.5%
USL: 5.0%
Valuation: Automatic (측정값 vs LSL/USL 자동 비교)
2.3 Sampling Procedure Configuration (QDV1)
Purpose: Lot size에 따른 샘플 크기 결정 (ISO 2859-1 AQL 기반)
Three sampling schemes:
- Single: 1차 샘플링으로 최종 판정 (Accept/Reject)
- Double: 1차 inconclusive → 2차 샘플링
- Sequential: 합격 판정될 때까지 계속 샘플링
AQL Parameters:
- AQL (Acceptable Quality Level): 예) 1.0% = 최대 1% 불량 허용
- Sample size letter (A~M): ISO 2859-1 lookup table (QPSA 테이블)
- Acceptance number (Ac): "합격" 수량
- Rejection number (Re): "불합격" 수량
Configuration Path: SPRO > QM > Quality Planning > Sampling > Define Sampling Procedure
Key Tables:
- QPSA: Sampling header
- QPSX: Sampling level (Normal/Tightened/Reduced)
한국 자동차: 보통 AQL 2.5% or 4.0% (supplier 신뢰도에 따라 분화)
2.4 Dynamic Modification Rules (QDR1)
목적: 연속 검사 결과에 따라 샘플 크기 동적 조정
Transition Rules:
- Normal → Tightened: N개 불합격 로트 발견 시 (예: 5회)
- Tightened → Normal: M개 연속 합격 로트 (예: 5회)
- Normal → Reduced: K개 연속 합격 + 조건 만족 시 (예: 25회)
- Reduced → Normal: 불합격 또는 OOS 검출
설정 예:
Tightened entry: 불합격 횟수 = 5
Tightened exit: 합격 횟수 = 5
Reduced entry: 합격 횟수 = 25 AND 불합격률 < 0.5%
Reduced exit: 불합격 1회 (즉시)
생산 관점: Tightened 진입 시 생산 속도 저하 (샘플 size ↑) → 원인 파악 및 시정 urgency ↑
3. Quality Inspection — Inspection Lot & Results Recording
3.1 Inspection Lot Creation (QA01)
Inspection types (검사유형, QALS-LOART):
- 01: GR Inspection (구매 입고 검사) — MIGO 후 자동 또는 수동
- 03: In-process (생산 공정 검사) — 공정 단계별 타이밍
- 04: GI Inspection (판매 출고 검사) — MIGO GI 전
- 08: Recurring inspection (반복 검사) — 정기적 재검사
- 09: Source inspection (원산지 검사) — 공급사 공장에서
Automatic Creation Flow:
Material Master (MM02):
QM Control Level (IQMC) = "01" 또는 "02"
↓
Purchasing Info Record (ME11) 또는 Quality Info Record (QI01):
Inspection plan flag = "X"
↓
MIGO (GR posting):
자동 → Inspection Lot 생성 (QALS)
↓
QA25 (Background job):
Daily/Hourly run → 대량 검사로트 생성
Manual Creation (QA01 T-code):
QA01 Screen:
├─ Material Number (QALS-MATNR)
├─ Quantity (QALS-MENGE)
├─ UoM (QALS-MEINS)
├─ Supplier (QALS-LIFNR) — Type 01 구매의 경우
├─ Inspection Type: 01/03/04/08/09
├─ Inspection Plan: 자동 상속 (PLKO → QALS-PLNNR)
└─ Lot number (QALS-LOSNR): Auto/Manual
Key Table: QALS (Inspection Lot Header)
3.2 Sample Definition (QPR1/QPR2)
Sample Determination (샘플 결정):
- Inspection Plan → Sampling Procedure (QDV1) lookup
- Lot size입력 → Sample size 자동 계산 (ISO 2859-1)
- Sample selection strategy:
- Sequential: Units 1, 2, 3... n
- Random: SAP random number generator
- Every nth: e.g. 매 5번째 unit
Sample Recording (QPR1 Transaction):
QPR1:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ System proposes sample size & strategy
├─ Assign sample units (팔레트/박스 ID 또는 연번)
└─ Print sample labels (for inspection lab)
Key Tables: QASE (Sample header), QASV (Individual sample values)
3.3 Results Recording (QE01/QE51N)
QE01 Transaction (Classic GUI):
QE01:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ Record per Characteristic (MIC):
│ ├─ Quantitative: 수치 입력 (예: 98.5 mg/L)
│ │ → 자동 vs LSL/USL 비교 → Pass/Fail
│ └─ Qualitative: Accept/Reject 선택
├─ Record Defects (optional):
│ ├─ Defect code (QMFE-MFEHL, e.g. CRACK, BURN)
│ └─ Quantity affected
└─ Save (QASR 테이블에 기록)
QE51N (Fiori App — Mobile inspection input):
- 모바일 친화 UI
- QR code 스캔 → sample 빠른 접근
- 검사기기 API 직접 연동 (자동 수치 입력)
- Offline mode 지원
Result Evaluation (자동):
- Individual MIC result: Pass (수치가 LSL~USL 범위) / Fail (Out of spec)
- Lot-level judgment: 별도 UD (Usage Decision) transaction에서 수행
Key Tables:
- QASR (Result header — Lot별)
- QASV (Sample value — 개별 샘플 수치)
- QAVE (Evaluation — 최종 Pass/Fail 기록)
3.4 Statistical Process Control (SPC) — 관리도
SPC Configuration (Quality Control 메뉴):
SPRO > QM > Quality Control > Define Control Chart
Chart Types:
- X-bar & R chart: 연속 공정 (mean ± std dev tracking)
- p-chart: Proportion defective (불량률 추적)
- c-chart: Defect count (결함 개수)
Triggers:
- 관리한계(Control limit) 벗어남 → QM notification 자동 생성
- 추세(Trend): 8개 연속 point가 center line 한쪽 → 경고
- Rule violations → Root cause investigation 유도
생산 현장 활용: 공정능력(Cpk) 사전 평가 후 매 로트마다 모니터링 — 즉시 이상 감지
4. Usage Decision (QA11/QA12/QA13)
4.1 UD Creation & Codes
Transactions:
- QA11: Create Usage Decision
- QA12: Change
- QA13: Display
UD Codes (최종 판정):
- A: Accept (합격) — 재고로 입고 가능, 다음 공정/판매 진행
- R: Reject (불합격) — 재고 차단, 반품/폐기 예정
- B: Conditional (조건부) — 고객 승인 대기 또는 재작업
- S: Return to supplier (공급사 반송 — 수입검사 Type 01에서만)
UD Creation Flow:
QA11:
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS-LOSNR)
├─ System shows all MIC results (QASR 요약)
├─ Judge UD Code:
│ ├─ All MIC pass + No defects → "A" (Auto-recommend)
│ ├─ Any MIC fail OR Defects found → "R"
│ └─ Marginal case → "B" (with reason text)
├─ Optional: Partial acceptance (Accepted qty ≠ Lot qty)
└─ Save (QAVE 테이블)
Key Table: QAVE (Usage Decision record)
4.2 Post-UD Actions (Follow-up Processing)
Accept (A) → Stock Posting:
MIGO blocked GR → Auto-completed
↓
Inventory: Material received into active stock
↓
Next process (Production consume, Sales ship) can proceed
Reject (R) → Stock Management:
QALS → QAVE (UD=R)
↓
Blocked stock (QMSL, 품질보류 재고)
↓
Options:
├─ Scrap posting (MIGO Scrap)
├─ Return to supplier (Vendor credit memo)
└─ Rework (if internally caused failure)
Conditional (B) → Quality Hold:
QAVE (UD=B, reason= "고객확인대기")
↓
Stock in Quality Hold (QM block)
↓
Customer approval → Update UD to "A" → GR completes
OR Denial → Change to "R" → Scrap
Quality Notification Trigger (자동):
If UD = R:
→ QM01 자동 생성 (Customizing 설정)
→ Defect history 기록
→ Supplier evaluation score 반영
4.3 Partial Lot Acceptance (부분 합격)
Scenario: 100개 로트 → 98개 OK, 2개 불량
QA11 Handling:
QA11:
├─ Select QALS (Qty=100)
├─ UD Code = "A" (Accept partial)
├─ Enter "Accepted qty" = 98
├─ Enter "Rejected qty" = 2
└─ Save
↓
MIGO posting: +98 to active stock, +2 to blocked stock
↓
결과: 총 100개 중 98개만 사용 가능 (GR 재무 기장도 98개 기준)
Key Field: QAVE-MNGEA (Accepted qty), QAVE-MNGEB (Rejected qty)
4.4 Automatic UD Processing (QA32)
Purpose: 검사 완료되었으나 UD 수동 미생성 로트 자동 판정
설정:
SPRO > QM > Quality Inspection > Inspection Lot >
Define Automatic Usage Decision
↓
Rule 설정:
├─ All samples passed AND no defects → Auto "A"
├─ Any sample failed OR Defects → Auto "R"
└─ Automatic update flag = X
QA32 실행:
QA32 Report:
├─ Selection: Lot status 04 (Results recorded, UD pending)
├─ Execute → Background job
└─ Result: UD records created for matching lots
생산 관점: 월마감 전 일괄 처리로 미결 검사로트 정리
5. Quality Notification (QM01/QM02/QM03)
5.1 Notification Structure & Types
Transactions:
- QM01: Create Notification
- QM02: Change
- QM03: Display
Notification Types (QMEL-QMART):
- Q1: Customer Complaint (고객 클레임)
- Q2: Internal QM (내부 품질 문제, 불합격 로트 등)
- Q3: Vendor (공급사 품질 불량)
- L1: General Complaint (총괄)
Typical Triggers:
- QA11 UD=R → Auto-create Q2
- Customer call → Manual create Q1
- Source inspection fail → Manual create Q3
5.2 8D Methodology → SAP Fields
8D 단계별 SAP 매핑:
| 8D Step | SAP Field | T-code | 설명 |
|---|
| 1. Team | QMEL-QMNUM + Task assignment | QM01 → QMMA | 담당자 지정 |
| 2. Problem | QMTXT (Free text), Attachment (QMMA-FILES) | QM01 | 문제 상세 기술 |
| 3. Containment | Task (QMMA-ASNR) URGENT | QM01 | 즉시 대응 기한 설정 |
| 4. Root Cause | Defect code (QMFE-MFEHL) + free text | QM01 → QMFE | RCA 분석 결과 기록 |
| 5. Corrective Action | Task (APTY="Corrective") | QM01 → QMMA | CA 태스크 생성 |
| 6. Implementation | Task status (TSTA) tracking | QMMA → status change | 진행 추적 |
| 7. Verification | Re-inspection results (QE01) | QA01/QE01 → QASR | 재검사 증빙 |
| 8. Closure | QMEL-QMSTAT = "E" (Closed) | QM02 | 통보 종료 |
5.3 Defect & Root Cause Entry (QMFE table)
QM01 → Defects Tab:
QMFE Entry:
├─ Defect code (MFEHL): SAP-정의된 코드 lookup
│ 예) CRACK, DISCOLORATION, CHEMICAL_BURN, DIMENSION_OOS
├─ Defect description (free text): 추가 설명
├─ Quantity affected (FEHLM): 몇 개 유닛 영향
├─ Cause code (UAQZ):
│ ├─ O: Original (근본원인)
│ └─ I: Immediate (직접 원인)
└─ Link to related defects (if multi-cause)
예시 (제약 변색 클레임):
Defect: DISCOLORATION
Qty affected: 50 units (전체 케이스 중)
Immediate cause: Storage temperature exceeded 30°C
Root cause: Warehouse A/C malfunction
Related defect: Shelf-life reduction (expiration moved from Y+3 to Y+1)
5.4 Corrective Action Task Creation
QM01 → Activities Tab:
QMMA (Activity/Task) Creation:
├─ Activity type (APTY):
│ ├─ "Corrective" — CA task
│ ├─ "Diagnostic" — RCA investigation
│ └─ "Preventive" — Future prevention
├─ Description: "Replace warehouse A/C unit"
├─ Responsible person (AQUA): Maintenance manager
├─ Due date (FDZZ): 7 days urgency
├─ Budget code (if applicable): Cost center assignment
└─ Status (TSTA): 01=Created, 02=In progress, 03=Completed
Task Monitoring (QMMA table):
- Progress tracking (% complete)
- Evidence upload (documents, photos)
- Verification meeting schedule
5.5 Integration with PM (Production Maintenance)
Cross-module Flow:
QM Notification (Quality issue detected)
├─ Defect code = "Equipment malfunction"
├─ Task type = "Maintenance required"
└─ Create PM Notification (Type PM, QMEL-QMART)
↓
PM01 Maintenance notification created
↓
PM order (IW32) generated
↓
Maintenance execution, cost tracking
↓
Feedback: Equipment repaired → QM closes Q2
한국 현장: 생산 일정(PP) ↔ 설비 정비(PM) ↔ 품질 이슈(QM) 동시 조정 필요
6. Quality Certificate (QC01/QC21)
6.1 Certificate Profile Configuration (QC01)
QC01 Transaction (Certificate profile 정의):
QC01:
├─ Certificate name/ID (예: "CoA_PHARMA_ENG_v2")
├─ Material assignment (특정 material에만 cert 발행)
├─ Certification rule:
│ ├─ Automatic: 모든 delivery마다 자동 생성
│ ├─ Manual: QC21에서 수동 생성
│ └─ On-demand: 고객 요청 시만
├─ Language variant (EN, DE, ZH, KO 등)
├─ Form/Template: SMARTFORM (ZQC_*) 또는 Adobe Forms
└─ Archive setting: E-signature required?
Key Fields:
- ZQCMO-VRSNO: Version tracking (변경 이력)
- ZQCMO-SPRACHE: Language code (EN, DE 등)
- ZQCMO-FMNAME: Form name (출력 양식)
6.2 Certificate of Analysis (CoA) Content & Generation
CoA 구성:
Header Section:
├─ Company: 법인명, 주소
├─ Material: 제품명, 규격 코드
├─ Lot/Batch: 로트번호, 유효기간
└─ MFG Date, Expiry Date
Test Results Table:
├─ Characteristic (MIC code)
├─ Specification (LSL-Target-USL)
├─ Test result (실제 측정값)
├─ Unit of measure
├─ Status (Pass/Fail ✓/✗)
└─ Test date, Lab ID
Footer:
├─ Authorized signature block
├─ QA Manager stamp
├─ Archive reference
└─ QM lot number (추적용)
Generation Methods:
-
Manual (QC21):
QC21:
├─ Select QM Lot (QALS-LOSNR)
├─ System retrieves QASR results
├─ Generate PDF (SMARTFORM or Adobe)
└─ Save to DMS or Email to customer
-
Automatic (Delivery):
SD Delivery (Packing stage)
├─ Check certificate requirement (QC01 flag)
├─ Link to QM lot UD (if type 04 inspection)
├─ Auto-trigger QC21 if UD=A
└─ Attach to output (NAST message)
Key Tables:
- ZQCMO: Certificate master
- ZQCDR: Certificate data records (실제 인증서 발급 기록)
6.3 Outbound Certificate at Delivery (배송 인증서)
Process Flow (SD → QC21):
Sales Order (SO) → Delivery (Picking/Packing)
↓
QM Lot (Type 04, GI Inspection) UD = "A" ?
↓ YES
Execute QC21 automatically (Customizing)
↓
Generate CoA PDF → Archive + Email to customer
↓
NAST (Message configuration) — Invoice와 함께 첨부
↓
Customer receives: Packing note + CoA + Invoice
NAST Configuration (Output 설정):
NAST T-code:
├─ Application: V3 (Sales & Shipping)
├─ Message type: RD (Delivery note) or INVOICE
├─ Form: ZQC_COA (Certificate form)
├─ Trigger: 10 = Post goods issue
├─ Medium: 1=Print, 2=Email, 5=Archive
└─ Output program: RLQC_QC21_OUTPUT (standard SAP report)
생산 관점: 납품 직전 자동화로 수동 CoA 생성 일 감소
7. QM-MM Integration (구매/수입검사)
7.1 Quality Info Record (QI01/QI02/QI03)
Purpose: 공급사별, Material별 품질 관리 정책 정의
QI01 Create:
QI01:
├─ Supplier (LIFNR)
├─ Material (MATNR)
├─ Inspection plan (PLNNR reference) — source inspection plan
├─ Quantity exemption (QE): 이 수량 이상만 검사 필수
├─ Inspection control code (QZGTP):
│ ├─ 01: Inspection mandatory
│ ├─ 02: 100% inspection (까다로운 supplier)
│ └─ 03: No inspection (trusted source)
├─ Certificate requirement (INFE): CoA 필수?
└─ Quality weighting (GEWBP): 공급사 평가 가중치
Key Table: EINE (Info Record vendor-specific)
예시 (신규 공급사 vs 우수 공급사):
Scenario 1: New supplier X
├─ Inspection plan: Standard (Type 01, AQL 2.5%)
├─ Certificate required: Yes
├─ Qty exemption: 0 (모든 로트)
├─ Control code: 01 (Mandatory)
Scenario 2: Preferred supplier Y (IATF 16949 certified)
├─ Inspection plan: Reduced (AQL 6.5%)
├─ Certificate required: No
├─ Qty exemption: 1000 (1000개 이상만 검사)
├─ Control code: 03 (No inspection)
7.2 Vendor Evaluation (공급사 평가 — ME61)
Scoring Model (공급사 점수):
- Quality score: (Accepted lots / Total lots) × 100 [%]
- Delivery score: On-time delivery %
- Price performance: Quoted price vs actual cost variance
SAP Calculation:
Quality score = Sum(QAVE UD="A") / Count(QAVE) × 100
Example:
├─ Total QM lots: 20
├─ Accepted (UD=A): 19
├─ Rejected (UD=R): 1
└─ Quality score = 19/20 × 100 = 95%
Impact on Sourcing:
Quality score tracking (ME61):
├─ > 98% → Preferred supplier, Reduced inspection
├─ 95-98% → Standard supplier, Normal inspection
├─ < 95% → At-risk supplier, Tightened inspection or hold PO
Table: EIVR (Evaluation record — 역사 추적)
한국 현장: 대기업 협력사 평가 (삼성 S-rating, 현대 Quality score) 연동
7.3 Blocked Stock Management (차단 재고)
Stock Categories (after QM inspection):
- Inspection stock (QMSPL): 검사 진행 중 (reserved)
- Quality hold: Conditional UD (B) 대기 중
- Blocked stock: Reject UD (R) → 폐기/반품 예정
Transaction MRB (Return/Credit):
MRB (Goods return):
├─ Select Inspection Lot (QALS)
├─ Create Return PO
├─ Vendor credit memo (MIRO posting)
└─ Inventory: Reject qty → return to supplier
Goods Movement:
GR (Type 01 inspection):
├─ Initial: MIGO goods receipt 직후 → Inspection stock
├─ After UD=R: MIGO "Return" → Supplier return
├─ After UD=A: Automatic transfer to active stock
8. QM-PP Integration (생산/공정검사)
8.1 In-Process Inspection (공정 중 검사)
Configuration (PP Production Order):
Production Order (Auftragsart):
├─ Operation (공정단계): 포장, 테스트, 최종검사
├─ QM hold point: "X" (검사 완료까지 다음공정 금지)
├─ Inspection plan (Type 03): 공정 검사 계획 연결
└─ Sample size: 로트 크기 기반 자동 계산
Flow:
Production order start
↓
Perform operation (manufacturing)
↓
QM Lot creation (Type 03) — automatic or manual
↓
Inspection: Sample → QE01 results recording
↓
UD creation (QA11) — All OK?
├─ Yes (A) → Release hold → Next operation proceeds
└─ No (R) → Block → Rework or scrap decision
Impact: 공정 지연 risk (불합격 시 다음 공정 정지)
8.2 Goods Receipt from Production (생산입고 검사)
Scenario: In-process inspection 완료 후, 완제품을 내부 warehouse에 GR
Inspection Lot (Type 01 GR):
MIGO GR (Production order completion):
├─ Auto-create Inspection Lot (Type 01)
├─ Inspection Plan (Material, Plant)
├─ Sample size lookup (QDV1)
└─ Status: Inspection stock (차단 재고)
↓
QE01 Results recording
↓
QA11 UD creation
↓
If UD=A: Goods transfer to active stock
Key Difference: In-process (Type 03) vs GR (Type 01) — 수량, 샘플 크기, 통지서 연동이 다름
8.3 Batch Determination with QM Results
Integration (Batch traceability):
Batch Master Data (CHVW):
├─ Batch characteristic (예: Tensile strength)
├─ Value assigned from QM lot result (QASR)
└─ Batch determination rule (BDCR) lookup
Example:
Customer order request: "High-strength material (Tensile > 500 MPa)"
↓
SAP batch determination:
├─ Query batch characteristics in CHVW
├─ Filter: Batches with Tensile > 500 MPa
├─ Link to QM lot (QALS) to verify test date freshness
└─ Auto-assign batch to sales order
생산 관점: 품질 등급화로 다양한 customer requirement 대응
9. ECC vs S/4HANA — Quality Management Differences
| 기능 | ECC 6.0 (SP최신) | S/4HANA 1909+ | S/4HANA Cloud | 주요 변경 |
|---|
| QM Master T-codes | QA01-QA13, QE01, QC01 | 동일 (GUI) | Fiori-only | Web-based UX |
| Inspection Planning | QP01-QP03 (GUI) | QP01-QP03 + Fiori (F5370) | F5370 only | Mobile-first |
| Results Recording | QE01, QE05N (부분 Fiori) | QE51N (Mobile-optimized) | QE51N PWA | Mobile 우선순위 |
| Automatic UD | QA32 batch job | QA32 + Fiori (F5434) | F5434 Fiori | User-driven UI |
| SPC/Analytics | Manual QCCP lookup | SAP Analytics Cloud link | Embedded BI | Predictive QM |
| Document Management | Attachment (QMMA file) | SAP Content Server, Embedded storage | Cloud storage | Digitization |
| Workflow | SAP Workflow (WF-BATCH) | Fiori workflow tiles | Cloud workflow | User-friendly |
| Certificate (CoA) | SMARTFORMS (ZQC_*) | Adobe Forms + SMARTFORMS | Adobe Forms Native | E-signature 지원 |
| Supplier Portal | Not integrated | SCP (Cloud Platform) connector | Built-in supplier portal | Real-time visibility |
| ML/AI | Custom ABAP only | SAP Analytics Cloud ML | Embedded ML (anomaly) | Autonomous QM |
| Integration | RFC/IDOC (custom) | OData API + Analytics API | REST/GraphQL | Microservices |
| Real-time Reporting | BW cube (scheduled) | Embedded analytics (live) | Live dashboards (HANA) | HANA speed |
Key S/4HANA Simplifications (단순화):
- Simplified Inspection Lot: 결과 직접 UD 판정 (중간 단계 축소)
- Embedded Quality Dashboard: BI 도구 불필요
- Fiori-first UX: GUI transaction 단계적 폐지 (2026년 이후)
- Real-time Compliance: 검사 완료 즉시 규제 보고 가능
10. Korean Industry & Regulatory Context
10.1 ISO 9001:2015 + IATF 16949 (자동차 심사 기준)
ISO 9001 → SAP QM Mapping:
- Clause 8.6 (Quality evaluation): Inspection Plan (QP01-03), Sampling (QDV1) ✓
- Clause 8.2.3 (Conformance confirmation): UD judgment (QA11-13) ✓
- Clause 8.3 (Non-conforming product): Quality Notification (QM01) ✓
IATF 16949 (자동차 부품) — Auditor 체크리스트:
- FMEA 추적: Defect code (QMFE) → FMEA ID 매핑 가능?
- Control Plan 문서: QP01 output과 Control Plan 동일성?
- Traceability: Lot/Batch → QM lot → Supplier/MFG date 추적 가능?
- 메트릭 추적: Cpk (공정능력) 계산 가능?
Audit Evidence:
- QP01/QP03 print (검사계획 approved version)
- QMEL closure record (8D compliance)
- ME61 Quality trend (공급사 score 개선 추세)
10.2 한국 제약 GMP (의약품 품질관리기준)
식약처 기준 (GMP Annex 2 — Quality documentation):
-
Sampling Plan 기록:
Requirement: 최소 3년 보존
SAP: QP01-QP03 print → PDF archive (DMS 또는 파일시스템)
Audit: "2023년 X 제품의 검사계획을 보여주세요"
-
CoA (Certificate of Analysis):
Requirement: 모든 원료약 납입 시 CoA 첨부 필수
SAP: QC01/QC21 자동 생성 + E-signature (Adobe Forms)
Audit: CoA 발행 이력 + Signed version 보존
-
Batch Record (배치 기록):
Requirement: 생산 전 과정 기록 + QC 결과 통합
SAP: Production Order (PP) + QM results 연계
- Z-table 커스터마이즈 또는 SAP Add-on (QMS in S/4)
Audit: "2023년 Batch A-001의 전체 생산/검사 기록"
-
Stability Study:
Requirement: Long-term stability (3년+) 모니터링
SAP: QM Lot + Characteristic tracking (X-bar chart)
Auditor: "Batch A-001의 12개월 마다 검사 결과 추이"
Configuration Checklist:
SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management:
├─ Industry code: Pharmaceutical
├─ GMP compliance flag: X
├─ Signature capture: Adobe Forms + digital signing
└─ Retention: 36 months (자동 archive)
10.3 한국 식품 HACCP (위해요소중점관리기준)
HACCP 12단계 → SAP 매핑:
| HACCP 단계 | SAP QM | 필드 |
|---|
| CCP 식별 | Inspection Plan (QP01) | CCP 플래그 |
| 관리 한계 설정 | MIC Specification (QPSP) | LSL/Target/USL |
| CCP 모니터링 | In-process inspection (QE01) | Temperature, pH, microbial |
| Sampling | QDV1 sampling procedure | Daily/Hourly frequency |
| 시정 조치 | Quality Notification (QM01) | Corrective action task |
| 기록 보존 | QALS/QASR archiving | 2년+ retention |
| 검증 | UD judgment (QA11) | Pass/Fail 최종 판정 |
Configuration:
Material Master (MM02):
├─ CCP flag = "X"
├─ Inspection plan (Type 03): Daily frequency
├─ Automatic alert: Out-of-spec → QM01 Q2 auto-create
SPRO > QM > Define Automatic Notification:
└─ Trigger: QASR (Temperature > 30°C) → Create QM01
10.4 수입검사 (관세청 UNI-PASS 연동)
Regulatory Background (한국):
- 통관 전 품질 증빙 요구 확대 (특히 식품, 화학, 의약품)
- UNI-PASS (통합관세시스템) ↔ SAP QM 연동 필요
SAP Integration Point:
Purchase Order (구매 발주):
├─ Customs declaration (USDOC field, PO header)
├─ Import supplier flag: "I"
└─ Inspection requirement: "Import Inspection"
↓
MIGO GR (goods receipt):
├─ Auto-create Inspection Lot (Type 01, Import)
├─ Inspection plan: Source inspection (Type 01 + Supplier)
└─ Block GR posting (차단)
↓
QE01 Results recording + UD (QA11):
├─ UD = "A" → Certificate generated (QC21)
├─ Send CoA to customs broker
└─ MIGO posting release → GR completes
Blocking Logic (SPRO customizing):
MIGO-GR Validation:
IF Material.Origin = "Import" AND Supplier.Country != "KR"
THEN Create Inspection Lot (Type 01)
AND Block MIGO until UD = "A"
AND Generate CoA (QC21)
AND Notify customs broker (email extract)
생산 관점: 통관 지연 risk → 재고 운영 계획에 여유(Buffer) 필수
10.5 대기업 협력사 공급망 (삼성/현대)
삼성전자 Quality Requirements:
- Q-rating (3개월 rolling avg) > 98% 필수
- MES ↔ SAP QM 실시간 동기화 요청
- Supplier Portal access (QM data 공개)
현대자동차 Quality Requirements:
- IATF 16949 certification (필수, 미보유 공급사 차단)
- IQMS (In-house QMS) 준수
- Monthly quality review meeting (QM KPI export)
SAP Configuration:
ME61 Vendor Evaluation (자동 계산):
├─ Quality score = (Accepted lots / Total lots) × 100
├─ 3개월 rolling average
└─ Threshold alert: Score < 95%
→ Auto message to procurement manager
→ Recommendation: Reduce PO qty or pause orders
Export for supplier meeting:
├─ SAP Report (ALV format): ZQC_VENDOR_SCORECARD
├─ Data: Last 90 days QM lots, UD distribution, top defects
└─ Distribution: Email to supplier QA manager
한국 특수성: 대기업 공급망 평가 시스템(S-rating, Q-rating)이 SAP와 직결됨
11. Standard Response Format (문제해결 프로세스)
Issue Description
사용자 문제 명확화:
- "검사로트가 생성되지 않음"
- "UD 합격 후에도 GR이 차단되어 있음"
- "CoA가 고객에게 안 보내짐"
Root Cause Analysis (RCA)
Step 1: Data Check (테이블 조회):
- Material master (MM02): QM level 확인 (IQMC field)
- Quality Info Record (QI03): 공급사별 설정 확인 (QZGTP)
- Inspection Plan (QP03): 유효 범위 확인 (GDATU from/to)
Step 2: Configuration Check (SPRO navigat):
SPRO > SAP Customizing for Quality Management:
├─ Automatic Lot Creation Rules
├─ Stock Posting Logic (UD Code A/R/B mapping)
└─ Notification Triggers
Step 3: System Activity Check:
- Background job (SM37): QA25 execution log
- Error log (SM21): System message 확인
- Table data (QALS, QAVE): Expected 데이터 존재 여부
Verification (재현 확인)
- Test material로 end-to-end 시뮬레이션
- Expected behavior vs actual behavior 비교
- Transaction trace (SE39 debug mode)
Fix (시정)
-
Customizing 변경 (Transport request 필요):
- SPRO에서 설정 변경
- Transport object 할당
- Test system 적용 → UAT → Production
-
Master data 수정:
- MM02 (Material), QI01 (Info Record), QP01 (Inspection Plan)
- 변경 기록 (SNOW ticket 또는 Change management)
-
ABAP 개발 (필요 시):
- Z-report, BADi implementation, Enhancement
- Code review, Unit test, Integration test
Prevention (재발 방지)
-
Documentation:
- Configuration guide 작성 (SNOW wiki)
- Process diagram (Inspection lot flow)
- Master data 준비 checklist
-
Training:
- 관련자 교육 (Inspection planning, Results recording, UD judgment)
- Job aid, Screen 캡처
-
Monitoring & Alert:
- BW query 또는 Fiori tile에서 자동 추적
- Daily batch job 결과 모니터링
- Anomaly alert (예: 일일 불합격률 > threshold)
SAP Note Reference
SAP Support Portal (search by keyword):
- 예) "Inspection lot creation fails type 01"
→ Note 2345678 (applicable SAP version check)
- Apply via SNOTE T-code (transport 자동 생성)
12. References & Deep Dive
Official Documentation
- SAP Help Portal:
help.sap.com/docs → QM module
- Quality Management Configuration (ECC): SAP 공식 PDF 가이드
- SAP S/4HANA Quality Management: Best Practices doc (SAP Download Center)
Key Database Tables
Inspection Lot & Results:
QALS: Inspection Lot Header (LOSNR 로트번호, MATNR 자재)QALSD: Lot DefectsQASE: Sample HeaderQASR: Inspection Result (QMNUM 검사번호)QASV: Sample value (characteristic 별 수치)QAVE: Usage Decision (최종 판정 A/R/B/S)
Planning & Master:
PLKO: Inspection Plan HeaderPLPO: Plan OperationsQPMK: Master Inspection CharacteristicsQPSP: MIC Specification (LSL/USL)QDV1: Sampling proceduresEINA/EINE: Purchasing Info Record (QI01)
Notification & Tracking:
QMEL: Quality Notification header (통보)QMFE: Defect/Cause definitionQMMA: Activity/Task (시정 조치)EIVR: Vendor Evaluation record
Certificate:
ZQCMO: Certificate master (custom)ZQCDR: Certificate data records
Transaction Quick Reference
| T-code | Purpose | 입력 | 산출 |
|---|
| QP01 | Create Inspection Plan | Material, Plant, Type | PLKO (Plan) |
| QA01 | Create Inspection Lot | Material, Qty, Supplier | QALS (Lot) |
| QE01 | Record Results | QALS, Characteristic, Value | QASR, QASV |
| QE51N | Mobile results (Fiori) | Barcode/Material | QASR |
| QA11 | Create Usage Decision | QALS, Judgment (A/R/B/S) | QAVE (UD) |
| QA32 | Automatic UD Processing | Batch mode | Auto UD records |
| QM01 | Create QM Notification | Defect, Cause, Supplier | QMEL (Notif) |
| QC01 | Define Certificate Profile | Form, Material | Certificate template |
| QC21 | Generate Certificate (CoA) | QALS or Delivery | PDF/Archive |
| ME61 | Vendor Evaluation | Supplier, Date range | Quality score trend |
| QI01 | Quality Info Record | Supplier, Material | EINE (QI record) |
| QDV1 | Sampling Procedure | AQL, Lot size | Sample size table |
Further Learning Resources
- SAP QM Workshop: IQMS-SAP 통합 심화 코스
- IATF 16949 Alignment: 자동차 공급망 특화 교육
- Fiori QM Apps Training: QE51N 모바일 검사 hands-on
- GMP Compliance in SAP: 제약 산업 GMP 맞춤 교육
12.1 Common Pitfalls & Solutions
❌ 검사로트 자동 생성 안 됨
확인 순서:
- Material Master (MM02) → IQMC (QM Control Level) 필드 확인 (빈 값이면 검사 미트리거)
- Quality Info Record (QI03) → QZGTP (QM control type) 확인
- Background job QA25 실행 여부 (SM37 check, daily/hourly?)
- Note: GR 직후 약간의 지연 후 QA25 실행 → QALS 생성 (동기X)
❌ 검사 완료 후에도 GR blocked
원인 후보:
- UD 미생성 → QA11에서 명시적 생성 필수
- UD code "R" (Reject) → Stock blocked
- UD code "B" (Conditional) → Quality hold 해제 필요
해결:
QA11 → Select QALS → Set UD code "A" (Accept)
↓
Save → MIGO GR posting 자동 완료
❌ Vendor 평가 점수 안 올라감
확인:
- ME61 거의 실시간 업데이트되지만 계산 기준 재확인
- EIVR (Evaluation record) 직접 조회: T-code SQVI →
SELECT * FROM EIVR
- SPRO > MM > Purchasing > Vendor Evaluation 가중치 재확인
❌ 인증서(CoA) 생성 안 됨
원인:
- QC01 profile 미설정
- Material-Certificate 링크 미생성
- SMARTFORM 또는 Adobe Form 프로그래밍 에러
해결:
QC21 → Manual run → Check SM37 job log
↓
If error: SM39 (Form Routines debug) 또는 Adobe Form 재컴파일
↓
If success: Check DMS/Archive 저장 경로
Document Version: 1.0.0
Last Updated: 2026-04-12
Compatibility: SAP ECC 6.0 SP최신 | S/4HANA 1909+ | S/4HANA Cloud
Target Audience: SAP QM Functional Consultants, Quality Managers, Production Planners, Auditors
Language: English + 한국어 (Industry context)
