dsql

name	dsql
description	Build with Aurora DSQL — manage schemas, execute queries, handle migrations, diagnose query plans, load data, and develop applications with a serverless, distributed SQL database. Covers IAM auth, multi-tenant patterns, MySQL-to-DSQL and PostgreSQL-to-DSQL schema conversion, FK replacement code generation, OCC retry patterns, ORM migration (Django/Hibernate/Rails), DDL operations, query plan explainability, SQL compatibility validation, and bulk data loading. Triggers on phrases like: DSQL, Aurora DSQL, distributed SQL database, serverless PostgreSQL-compatible database, migrate to DSQL, DSQL query plan, DSQL EXPLAIN ANALYZE, DSQL ENUM, DSQL foreign key, DSQL OCC retry, DSQL multi-region, DSQL JSONB, DSQL GIN index, load into DSQL, load CSV into DSQL, bulk load DSQL, aurora-dsql-loader.
license	Apache-2.0
metadata	{"tags":"aws, aurora, dsql, distributed-sql, distributed, distributed-database, database, serverless, serverless-database, postgresql, postgres, sql, schema, migration, multi-tenant, iam-auth, aurora-dsql, mcp, orm, enum, foreign-key, occ-retry, django, hibernate, rails, multi-region, schema-conversion, type-mapping, data-loading"}

Amazon Aurora DSQL Skill

Aurora DSQL is a serverless, PostgreSQL-compatible distributed SQL database. This skill covers direct query execution via MCP tools, schema management, migrations, multi-tenant isolation, IAM auth, and bulk data loading via aurora-dsql-loader.

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Reference Files

Load these files as needed for detailed guidance:

Core:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
development-guide.md	ALWAYS before schema changes or DB operations	Best practices, DDL rules, transaction limits, app-layer referential integrity
language.md	MUST load for language-specific choices	Driver selection, DSQL Connectors, connection code
access-control.md	MUST load for roles, grants, or sensitive data	Scoped role setup, IAM-to-database role mapping
troubleshooting.md	SHOULD load for errors or unexpected behavior	OCC errors, connection failures, cluster state errors, token expiry, DDL rejection causes
dsql-examples.md	Load for implementation examples	Multi-tenant schema examples, batch operations, FK validation patterns, connection pooling
onboarding.md	User requests "Get started with DSQL"	Interactive step-by-step guide
occ-retry-patterns.md	MUST load for OCC retry code or conflict mitigation	DSQL Connectors, manual retry pattern, idempotent design

MCP:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
mcp-setup.md	Always for MCP server guidance	Setup instructions, 2 configuration options
mcp-tools.md	For MCP tool syntax and examples	Tool parameters, input validation
dsql-lint.md	MUST load before running dsql_lint or processing external SQL	Tool reference, fix statuses, unfixable error resolution

DDL Migrations:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
ddl-migrations/overview.md	MUST load for DROP COLUMN, ALTER TYPE, DROP CONSTRAINT	Table recreation pattern, verify & swap
ddl-migrations/column-operations.md	DROP COLUMN, ALTER TYPE, SET/DROP NOT NULL/DEFAULT	Column-level migration patterns
ddl-migrations/constraint-operations.md	ADD/DROP CONSTRAINT, MODIFY PRIMARY KEY	Constraint and structural changes
ddl-migrations/batched-migration.md	Tables exceeding 3,000 rows	Batching patterns, progress tracking

MySQL Migrations:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
mysql-migrations/type-mapping.md	MUST load for MySQL → DSQL migration	Data type mappings, feature alternatives
mysql-migrations/ddl-operations.md	Translating MySQL DDL to DSQL	AUTO_INCREMENT, ENUM, SET, FK patterns
mysql-migrations/full-example.md	Complete MySQL table migration	End-to-end example with decision summary

PostgreSQL Migrations:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
pg-migrations/type-mapping.md	MUST load for PG → DSQL type questions	C collation rules, NUMERIC precision, JSON/JSONB
pg-migrations/fk-replacement.md	MUST load for FK validation code generation	Tenant-scoped validate_fk_*() template, cascade
pg-migrations/index-conversion.md	MUST load for unfixable index diagnostics	GIN/GiST/BRIN → btree, partial, expression indexes
pg-migrations/schema-objects.md	MUST load for ENUM, materialized views, extensions, multi-schema	ENUM → CHECK, views, role/IAM mapping
pg-migrations/multi-region.md	Multi-region, active-active, or HA questions	Architecture, geographic partitioning

ORM Guides:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
orm-guides/overview.md	Migrating any ORM to DSQL	Adapter names, key gotchas for Django/Hibernate/Rails/SQLAlchemy

Data Loading:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
data-loading.md	Planning or running bulk loads with aurora-dsql-loader	Fresh-vs-warm partitions, resume/retry, --on-conflict semantics, throughput diagnostics

Query Plan Explainability:

Reference	When to Load	Contains
query-plan/plan-interpretation.md	MUST load at Workflow 9 Phase 0	DSQL node types, Node Duration math, estimation-error bands
query-plan/catalog-queries.md	MUST load at Workflow 9 Phase 0	pg_class/pg_stats/pg_indexes SQL, correlated-predicate verification
query-plan/guc-experiments.md	MUST load at Workflow 9 Phase 0	GUC experiment procedures, 30-second skip protocol
query-plan/report-format.md	MUST load at Workflow 9 Phase 0	Required report structure, element checklist, support request template

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MCP Tools Available

The aurora-dsql MCP server provides these tools:

Database Operations:

1. readonly_query - Execute SELECT queries (returns list of dicts)
2. transact - Execute DDL/DML statements in transaction (takes list of SQL statements)
3. get_schema - Get table structure for a specific table

SQL Validation:

1. dsql_lint - Validate SQL for DSQL compatibility and optionally auto-fix issues. Use before executing externally-sourced SQL.

Documentation & Knowledge:

1. dsql_search_documentation - Search Aurora DSQL documentation
2. dsql_read_documentation - Read specific documentation pages
3. dsql_recommend - Get DSQL best practice recommendations

Note: There is no list_tables tool. Use readonly_query with information_schema.

See mcp-setup.md for detailed setup instructions. See mcp-tools.md for detailed usage and examples.

AWS Knowledge MCP (awsknowledge)

Consult for verifying DSQL service limits before advising users. The numeric limits below are defaults that may change — when a user's decision depends on an exact limit, verify it first:

Limit	Default	Verify query
Max rows per transaction	3,000	aurora dsql transaction limits
Max data size per transaction	10 MiB	aurora dsql transaction limits
Max transaction duration	5 minutes	aurora dsql transaction limits
Max connections per cluster	10,000	aurora dsql connection limits
Auth token expiry	15 minutes	aurora dsql authentication token
Max connection duration	60 minutes	aurora dsql connection limits
Max indexes per table	24	aurora dsql index limits
Max columns per index	8	aurora dsql index limits
IDENTITY/SEQUENCE CACHE values	1 or >= 65536	aurora dsql sequence cache
Supported column data types	See docs	aurora dsql supported data types

When to verify: Before recommending batch sizes, connection pool settings, or schema designs where hitting a limit would cause failures; any time the exact number can affect user decision.

Fallback: If awsknowledge is unavailable, use the defaults above and flag that limits should be verified against DSQL documentation.

CLI Tools

Use the AWS CLI, psql, and aurora-dsql-loader directly for cluster management, SQL connections, and bulk data loading from local or S3 CSV/TSV/Parquet files. Load data-loading.md for loader guidance.

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Quick Start

1. Explore: Use readonly_query with information_schema to list tables. Use get_schema for table structure.
2. Query: Use readonly_query for SELECT queries. MUST include tenant_id in WHERE for multi-tenant apps. MUST build SQL with safe_query.build().
3. Schema changes: Use transact with one DDL per transaction. MUST batch DML under 3,000 rows. MUST use CREATE INDEX ASYNC in a separate call. Use dsql_lint to validate first.
4. Bulk load data: Use aurora-dsql-loader for CSV/TSV/Parquet. Load data-loading.md for details. Use --dry-run first.

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Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Create Multi-Tenant Schema

1. Create main table with tenant_id column using transact
2. Create async index on tenant_id in separate transact call
3. Create composite indexes for common query patterns (separate transact calls)
4. Verify schema with get_schema

• MUST include tenant_id in all tables
• MUST use CREATE INDEX ASYNC exclusively
• MUST issue each DDL in its own transact call: transact(["CREATE TABLE ..."])
• MUST serialize arrays as JSONB; expand at query time with jsonb_array_elements_text(data)

Workflow 2: Safe Data Migration

MUST validate every DDL with dsql_lint(fix=true) before executing. DML does not require linting.

1. Validate DDL with dsql_lint(sql=..., fix=true) — handle diagnostics per dsql-lint.md
2. Add column: transact(["ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN ..."])
3. Populate existing rows with UPDATE (batched under 3,000 rows)
4. Verify with readonly_query COUNT
5. Create index if needed: validate then transact(["CREATE INDEX ASYNC ..."])

• MUST issue each ALTER TABLE in its own transact call — DSQL rejects multi-DDL transactions with multiple ddl statements not supported in a transaction
• MUST add column with only name and type; apply DEFAULT via separate UPDATE
• MUST batch updates under 3,000 rows in separate transact calls

Recovery: Resume failed batches by filtering WHERE new_column IS NULL.

Workflow 3: Bulk Data Loading

Use aurora-dsql-loader for CSV, TSV, or Parquet loads. MUST load data-loading.md before advising on throughput or diagnosing slow loads.

1. Validate with --dry-run first
2. Run with --manifest-dir on persistent storage (not /tmp — tmpfs on AL2023, lost on crash) and --header if file has a header row
3. On failure: resume with --resume-job-id; for duplicates use --on-conflict do-nothing
4. For large tables: create secondary indexes after load using CREATE INDEX ASYNC

Workflow 4: Application-Layer Referential Integrity

INSERT: MUST validate parent exists with readonly_query → throw error if not found → insert child with transact.

DELETE: MUST check dependents with readonly_query COUNT → return error if dependents exist → delete with transact if safe.

Workflow 5: Query with Tenant Isolation

1. MUST authorize the caller against the tenant — format validation does not establish authorization
2. MUST build SQL with safe_query.build() — use allow()/regex() for values (emits 'v'), ident() for table/column names (emits "v"). See input-validation.md
3. MUST include tenant_id in the WHERE clause; reject cross-tenant access at the application layer

Workflow 6: Set Up Scoped Database Roles

MUST load access-control.md for role setup, IAM mapping, and schema permissions.

Workflow 7: Table Recreation DDL Migration

Use the Table Recreation Pattern for ALTER COLUMN TYPE, DROP COLUMN, DROP CONSTRAINT, or MODIFY PRIMARY KEY. This is a destructive workflow that requires user confirmation at each step. Every generated DDL in the pattern (CREATE new, INSERT ... SELECT, DROP old, RENAME) MUST be validated with dsql_lint(sql=..., fix=true) before execution.

MUST load ddl-migrations/overview.md before attempting any of these operations.

Workflow 8: Validate and Migrate to DSQL

MUST load dsql-lint.md before running dsql_lint. Run dsql_lint(sql=source_sql, fix=true) to validate and auto-convert. For MySQL-origin SQL, MUST cross-check against mysql-migrations/type-mapping.md even when lint returns clean. On parse_error, fall back to manual conversion then re-lint.

Workflow 9: Query Plan Explainability

Explains why the DSQL optimizer chose a particular plan. Triggered by slow queries, high DPU, unexpected Full Scans, or plans the user doesn't understand. REQUIRES a structured Markdown diagnostic report as the deliverable.

MUST load all four reference files at Phase 0: query-plan/plan-interpretation.md, query-plan/catalog-queries.md, query-plan/guc-experiments.md, query-plan/report-format.md. The phase procedures (capture plan, gather evidence, experiment, produce report) are defined in those files.

Safety. Plan capture uses readonly_query exclusively. Rewrite DML to SELECT for plan capture. MUST NOT use transact --allow-writes for plan capture.

Workflow 10: Full PostgreSQL → DSQL Schema Migration

MUST load pg-migrations/type-mapping.md and pg-migrations/schema-objects.md. Run dsql_lint(fix=true) first for mechanical fixes, then apply semantic conversions from the pg-migrations references for unfixable diagnostics and patterns the linter cannot handle. Re-lint the final output before deploying.

Workflow 11: ORM Migration (Django/Hibernate/Rails)

Load orm-guides/overview.md for adapter names and framework-specific gotchas.

Error Scenarios

• awsknowledge returns no results: Use the default limits in the table above and note that limits should be verified against DSQL documentation.
• dsql_lint unavailable or timing out: See the Error Handling section of dsql-lint.md. Do not silently skip validation — inform the user and require explicit confirmation before proceeding with manual rules from development-guide.md.
• OCC serialization error: Retry the transaction. If persistent, check for hot-key contention — see troubleshooting.md.
• Transaction exceeds limits: Split into batches under 3,000 rows — see batched-migration.md.
• Token expiration mid-operation: Generate a fresh IAM token — see authentication-guide.md. See troubleshooting.md for other issues.

Additional Resources

• Aurora DSQL Documentation
• Code Samples Repository