kb-data-visualization-accessibility

## Data Visualization Accessibility Skill Reference data for making charts, graphs, dashboards, and interactive data visualizations accessible. Used by `data-visualization-accessibility` agent. --- ## Chart Accessibility by Type ### Bar/Column Charts - Provide a text summary of the key takeaway (e.g., "Sales increased 40% in Q4") - Include a data table alternative (visually hidden or toggleable) - Each bar should be keyboard-focusable with a tooltip announcing the value - Use patterns or textures in addition to color to distinguish series ### Line Charts - Describe the trend in alt text (e.g., "Upward trend from January through June, then decline") - Provide data table with all data points - Keyboard navigation: Left/Right arrows move between data points, value announced on focus - Use distinct line styles (solid, dashed, dotted) alongside colors ### Pie/Donut Charts - Accompany with a data table showing percentages - Each segment keyboard-focusable with percentage and label announced - Use patterns/hatching — color-only distinction fails WCAG 1.4.1 - Consider: pie charts are generally poor for accessibility; a bar chart + table is often better ### Scatter Plots - Provide summary statistics (mean, median, correlation) as text - Data table with all points is essential - Interactive exploration via keyboard may not be feasible for large datasets — prioritize the summary ### Treemaps / Heatmaps - Provide hierarchical data table alternative - Keyboard navigation through segments with value announcements - Color scales must have sufficient contrast between adjacent levels ## SVG Accessibility Patterns ### Static Chart (Image-like) ```html <figure> <svg role="img" aria-labelledby="chart-title chart-desc"> <title id="chart-title">Monthly Revenue 2025</title> <desc id="chart-desc">Bar chart showing revenue from January through December. Revenue grew from $50K in January to $120K in December with a dip in July.</desc> <!-- chart elements --> </svg> <figcaption>Figure 1: Monthly Revenue 2025. <a href="#revenue-table">View data table</a></figcaption> </figure> ``` ### Interactive Chart ```html <svg role="application" aria-roledescription="interactive chart" aria-label="Monthly Revenue"> <g role="list" aria-label="Revenue data points"> <rect role="listitem" tabindex="0" aria-label="January: $50,000" .../> <rect role="listitem" tabindex="0" aria-label="February: $55,000" .../> </g> </svg> <div aria-live="polite" class="sr-only" id="chart-announcements"></div> ``` ### Decorative Charts ```html <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <!-- decorative background chart --> </svg> ``` ## Chart Library Accessibility APIs ### Highcharts ```javascript Highcharts.chart('container', { accessibility: { enabled: true, description: 'Chart showing quarterly revenue growth', point: { valueDescriptionFormat: '{point.name}: {point.y} dollars' }, keyboardNavigation: { enabled: true, order: ['series', 'zoom', 'rangeSelector', 'legend', 'chartMenu'] } }, // Highcharts has built-in sonification for data sonification: { enabled: true } }); ``` **Highcharts built-in a11y features:** - Automatic `<table>` fallback generation - Keyboard navigation between data points - Screen reader announcements for each point - Sonification (data as sound) - High contrast mode support ### Chart.js ```javascript new Chart(ctx, { type: 'bar', data: { /* ... */ }, options: { plugins: { // Chart.js has limited built-in accessibility // Use chartjs-plugin-a11y-legend for legend accessibility // Use chartjs-plugin-datalabels for visible data values } } }); // Chart.js renders to <canvas> — provide a fallback table or aria-label on canvas ``` **Chart.js limitations:** - Canvas-based — no DOM elements for screen readers to traverse - Must provide `<canvas aria-label="..." role="img">` or a fallback `<table>` - No built-in keyboard navigation — requires custom implementation ### D3.js D3 renders to SVG — accessibility must be manually implemented: ```javascript // Add ARIA to each data element bars.attr('role', 'listitem') .attr('tabindex', '0') .attr('aria-label', d => `${d.name}: ${d.value} units`); // Add keyboard navigation bars.on('keydown', (event, d) => { if (event.key === 'ArrowRight') { /* focus next bar */ } if (event.key === 'ArrowLeft') { /* focus previous bar */ } }); ``` ### Recharts (React) ```jsx <BarChart data={data} accessibilityLayer> <Bar dataKey="value" /> </BarChart> ``` **Recharts:** `accessibilityLayer` prop adds basic ARIA attributes. Supplement with a data table. ## Data Table Fallback Template ```html <details> <summary>View data table</summary> <table id="revenue-table"> <caption>Monthly Revenue 2025</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Month</th> <th scope="col">Revenue ($)</th> <th scope="col">Change (%)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>January</td><td>50,000</td><td>—</td></tr> <tr><td>February</td><td>55,000</td><td>+10%</td></tr> </tbody> </table> </details> ``` ## Color-Safe Palettes Palettes that remain distinguishable under common forms of color vision deficiency: ### Wong Palette (8 colors — CVD safe) Each color, with its hex and use. | Color | Hex | Use | |-------|-----|-----| | Black | #000000 | Text, borders | | Orange | #E69F00 | Data series 1 | | Sky Blue | #56B4E9 | Data series 2 | | Bluish Green | #009E73 | Data series 3 | | Yellow | #F0E442 | Data series 4 | | Blue | #0072B2 | Data series 5 | | Vermillion | #D55E00 | Data series 6 | | Reddish Purple | #CC79A7 | Data series 7 | ### Rules for Color in Charts - Never use red/green as the only distinction (deuteranopia affects ~8% of males) - Always add a secondary visual channel: pattern, shape, label, or position - Test with CVD simulation tools (Sim Daltonism, Chrome DevTools Emulate vision deficiencies) - Ensure adjacent colors in a chart have sufficient contrast with each other (not just against white) ## Keyboard Interaction Model ### Single-Series Chart Each key, with its action. | Key | Action | |-----|--------| | Tab | Enter/exit chart | | Left/Right Arrow | Move between data points | | Up/Down Arrow | Move between series (if multiple) | | Enter/Space | Show detail or drill down | | Escape | Exit drill-down or chart | | Home/End | Jump to first/last data point | ### Dashboard Navigation Each key, with its action. | Key | Action | |-----|--------| | Tab | Move between chart widgets | | Enter | Enter interactive chart | | Escape | Exit back to dashboard level | | Arrow keys | Navigate within active chart |