research-patterns

name	research-patterns
type	knowledge
description	Research methodology and best practices for finding existing patterns
keywords	research, investigate, pattern, best practice, design, architecture, how should i, what's the best
auto_activate	true

Research Patterns Skill

Purpose: Provide methodology and guidelines for researching existing patterns before implementing new features.

Auto-activates when: Keywords like "research", "investigate", "design", "architecture", "best practice" appear in conversation.

---

Research Methodology

1. Define Clear Research Question

Before starting research:

❓ **Research Question Template**:

- What: {What are we trying to build?}
- Why: {Why do we need it?}
- Scope: {What's in scope? What's out of scope?}
- Success: {What would a good solution look like?}

Example:

What: Webhook handling system for receiving external events
Why: Need to integrate with 3rd-party services that push updates
Scope: IN - signature verification, retry logic, async processing
OUT - webhook delivery (we're receiving, not sending)
Success: Secure, reliable, handles 1000+ webhooks/min

2. Search Existing Codebase First

Always search internal patterns before external research.

Codebase Search Checklist:

□ Grep for relevant keywords (functionality, domain terms)
□ Glob for related files (naming patterns)
□ Read existing implementations (understand current patterns)
□ Check docs/ for existing architecture decisions
□ Review tests/ to understand current test patterns

Common Search Patterns:

Goal	Grep Pattern	Glob Pattern
Find authentication	"auth", "login", "token"	**/*auth*.py
Find caching	"cache", "memoize", "@lru_cache"	**/*cache*.py
Find webhooks	"webhook", "callback", "event"	**/*webhook*.py, **/*event*.py
Find error handling	"try:", "except", "raise"	**/*error*.py, **/*exception*.py

Decision Tree:

Found existing pattern?
├─ YES → Reuse/extend existing pattern
│         (Don't reinvent the wheel!)
│
└─ NO → Proceed with external research
        (Need to find industry best practices)

3. External Web Research

When codebase search yields nothing, research externally.

WebSearch Query Strategy:

Query Pattern Templates

For Best Practices:

"{topic} best practices {current_year}"
"{topic} design patterns {current_year}"
"{topic} common mistakes to avoid"
"{topic} anti-patterns"

For Implementation Guidance:

"{topic} {language} implementation"
"{topic} code examples GitHub"
"{topic} library comparison"
"{topic} step-by-step tutorial"

For Security-Sensitive Topics:

"{topic} security best practices"
"{topic} OWASP guidelines"
"{topic} secure implementation"
"{topic} vulnerability checklist"

For Performance-Critical Topics:

"{topic} performance optimization"
"{topic} scalability patterns"
"{topic} benchmarking"
"{topic} profiling and tuning"

For Architecture Decisions:

"{topic} architecture patterns"
"{topic} system design"
"{topic} microservices vs monolith"
"{topic} when to use"

Optimal Query Count

• Minimum: 3 queries (different angles on same topic)
• Recommended: 5 queries (comprehensive coverage)
• Maximum: 7 queries (diminishing returns after this)

Example Research Plan:

Topic: "distributed caching for ML models"

Query 1: "distributed caching best practices 2025"
Query 2: "distributed caching Python Redis examples"
Query 3: "ML model caching strategies"
Query 4: "caching invalidation patterns"
Query 5: "Redis vs Memcached performance comparison"

4. Source Quality Evaluation

Not all sources are created equal. Prioritize quality over quantity.

Source Hierarchy (Highest to Lowest)

Rank	Source Type	Trust Level	Example
1	Official documentation	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	Python.org, FastAPI docs, [FRAMEWORK] docs
2	Official repositories	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	GitHub: pytorch/pytorch, ml-explore/[framework]
3	Well-known tech blogs	⭐⭐⭐⭐	Martin Fowler, Real Python, Uber Engineering
4	GitHub examples	⭐⭐⭐⭐	Popular repos with stars, active maintenance
5	Technical whitepapers	⭐⭐⭐⭐	Google, Meta, academic papers
6	Stack Overflow	⭐⭐⭐	Accepted answers, high votes
7	Blog posts	⭐⭐⭐	Individual developers (verify credibility)
8	Forum discussions	⭐⭐	Reddit, HN (good for trends, not authority)
9	Unverified tutorials	⭐	Medium posts, personal blogs (verify carefully)

Recency Scoring

Year	Score	When to Use
2025	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	Cutting edge, latest practices
2024	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	Recent, highly relevant
2023	⭐⭐⭐⭐	Still current for most topics
2022	⭐⭐⭐	Acceptable for stable topics
2021	⭐⭐	Use only if nothing recent available
≤2020	⭐	Avoid unless foundational concepts

Exceptions (where older sources are acceptable):

• Fundamental algorithms (sorting, graphs, etc.)
• Established design patterns (Gang of Four patterns)
• Mathematical foundations
• Core Python language features (pre-3.11)

Content Quality Scoring

Award points for:

• ✅ Multiple code examples (+2)
• ✅ Pros and cons comparison (+2)
• ✅ Performance benchmarks (+1)
• ✅ Security considerations (+1)
• ✅ Edge cases documented (+1)
• ✅ Testing examples (+1)
• ✅ Production experience shared (+1)

Deduct points for:

• ❌ Theory only, no code (-2)
• ❌ Incomplete examples (-1)
• ❌ No error handling shown (-1)
• ❌ Conflicting advice (-1)
• ❌ Obvious mistakes in code (-2)

Overall Quality Formula:

Quality = (Authority × 0.3) + (Recency × 0.25) + (Content × 0.2) + (Depth × 0.15) + (Confirmation × 0.1)

5. Distill Into Actionable Findings

Transform research into implementation-ready guidance.

Required Sections in Findings

1. Executive Summary (2-3 sentences)

• What's the recommended approach?
• Why is it best for our use case?
• What's the expected effort?

2. Pattern Analysis

• Recommended Approach: Detailed description + code example
• Alternatives Considered: At least 2 alternatives with pros/cons
• Tradeoffs: Comparison table

3. Implementation Guide

• Step-by-Step: Numbered steps with code examples
• Integration Points: Where in our codebase this fits
• Dependencies: Libraries, tools, infrastructure needed

4. Pitfalls to Avoid

• Common Mistakes: What developers often get wrong
• Edge Cases: Scenarios that need special handling
• Security Considerations: Vulnerabilities to prevent
• Performance Issues: Bottlenecks to avoid

5. Source Evaluation

• Table of all sources with quality ratings
• Notes on why each source was useful/not useful

6. Next Steps

• Recommended actions
• Files to create/modify
• Tests to write

---

Pattern Recognition Framework

Common Software Patterns

1. Authentication/Authorization

Research Focus:

• OAuth 2.0 vs JWT vs API keys
• Session management
• Token refresh strategies
• RBAC vs ABAC

Key Questions:

• How are credentials stored securely?
• How is token expiration handled?
• What's the logout flow?
• How to handle concurrent sessions?

Security Musts:

• Password hashing (bcrypt, argon2)
• HTTPS only
• CSRF protection
• Rate limiting

2. Caching

Research Focus:

• Cache invalidation strategies
• Cache eviction policies (LRU, LFU, TTL)
• Distributed vs local caching
• Cache coherence

Key Questions:

• What's the cache hit ratio target?
• How to handle cache misses?
• When to invalidate?
• How to prevent cache stampede?

Common Patterns:

• Write-through cache
• Write-behind cache
• Cache-aside
• Read-through cache

3. Webhooks/Event Processing

Research Focus:

• Signature verification
• Retry logic and exponential backoff
• Idempotency
• Async vs sync processing

Key Questions:

• How to verify webhook authenticity?
• What happens if processing fails?
• How to prevent duplicate processing?
• How to handle order of events?

Security Musts:

• HMAC signature verification
• IP whitelisting (if applicable)
• Request validation
• Rate limiting

4. API Design

Research Focus:

• REST vs GraphQL vs gRPC
• Versioning strategies
• Error response formats
• Pagination approaches

Key Questions:

• How to handle breaking changes?
• What's the rate limiting strategy?
• How to document the API?
• How to test the API?

Best Practices:

• Semantic versioning
• OpenAPI/Swagger docs
• Consistent error formats
• HATEOAS (if REST)

5. Data Processing Pipelines

Research Focus:

• ETL vs ELT
• Batch vs stream processing
• Error handling and retries
• Monitoring and alerting

Key Questions:

• How to handle partial failures?
• How to ensure data quality?
• How to scale processing?
• How to monitor pipeline health?

Common Tools:

• Apache Airflow (batch)
• Apache Kafka (streaming)
• dbt (data transformation)
• Prefect (orchestration)

6. Testing Strategies

Research Focus:

• Unit vs integration vs E2E tests
• Test data management
• Mocking strategies
• Coverage targets

Key Questions:

• What's the right test pyramid?
• How to test external dependencies?
• How to test async code?
• How to ensure tests are fast?

Best Practices:

• Arrange-Act-Assert pattern
• Given-When-Then (BDD)
• Test isolation
• Fast feedback loops

---

Research Output Templates

Template 1: Pattern Comparison

Use when comparing multiple approaches (e.g., "Redis vs Memcached"):

# Comparison: {Option A} vs {Option B} vs {Option C}

## Quick Recommendation

**Use {Option A}** if: {scenario}
**Use {Option B}** if: {scenario}
**Use {Option C}** if: {scenario}

## Detailed Comparison

| Criterion       | Option A         | Option B         | Option C         |
| --------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| **Performance** | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |
| **Complexity**  | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |
| **Scalability** | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |
| **Maintenance** | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |
| **Community**   | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |
| **Cost**        | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} | {rating + notes} |

## Code Examples

### Option A

```python
# Example implementation
```

Option B

# Example implementation

Option C

# Example implementation

Decision Matrix

For our use case (insert our specific requirements):

Requirement	Option A	Option B	Option C
Req 1	✅	❌	✅
Req 2	✅	✅	❌
Req 3	❌	✅	✅

Winner: {Option} because {reasoning}

### Template 2: Implementation Pattern

Use when researching how to implement a feature (e.g., "webhook handling"):

```markdown
# Implementation Pattern: {Feature Name}

## Pattern Overview

**Name**: {Pattern name}
**Category**: {Architectural pattern category}
**Use When**: {Scenarios where this pattern applies}

## Architecture Diagram

[Simple ASCII diagram or description] Component A → Component B → Component C

## Step-by-Step Implementation

### Step 1: {First step name}

**What**: {What this step does}
**Why**: {Why it's necessary}

```python
# Code for step 1

Testing:

# Test for step 1

Step 2: {Second step name}

What: {What this step does} Why: {Why it's necessary}

# Code for step 2

Testing:

# Test for step 2

[Continue for all steps...]

Integration Example

How it fits into our codebase:

# Example showing integration with existing code

Configuration

Environment variables:

FEATURE_API_KEY=xxx
FEATURE_TIMEOUT=30

Config file (config.yaml):

feature:
  enabled: true
  timeout: 30
  retry_attempts: 3

Error Handling

Common errors and solutions:

1. Error: {Error description}

   • Cause: {Why it happens}
   • Solution: {How to fix}
   • Prevention: {How to avoid}

2. Error: {Error description}

   • Cause: {Why it happens}
   • Solution: {How to fix}
   • Prevention: {How to avoid}

Monitoring

Metrics to track:

• {Metric 1}: {Description + target value}
• {Metric 2}: {Description + target value}
• {Metric 3}: {Description + target value}

Alerts to set up:

• {Alert 1}: {Trigger condition}
• {Alert 2}: {Trigger condition}

Testing Strategy

Unit tests:

• Test {functionality A}
• Test {functionality B}

Integration tests:

• Test {workflow A}
• Test {workflow B}

Security tests:

• Test {attack vector A}
• Test {attack vector B}

### Template 3: Security Analysis

Use when researching security-sensitive features:

```markdown
# Security Analysis: {Feature Name}

## Threat Model

### Assets
- {Asset 1}: {Description + value}
- {Asset 2}: {Description + value}

### Threats
1. **{Threat name}** (Severity: High/Medium/Low)
   - Attack vector: {How attack happens}
   - Impact: {What damage occurs}
   - Likelihood: {How likely}

2. **{Threat name}** (Severity: High/Medium/Low)
   - Attack vector: {How attack happens}
   - Impact: {What damage occurs}
   - Likelihood: {How likely}

### Mitigations

| Threat | Mitigation | Implementation | Status |
|--------|------------|----------------|--------|
| {Threat 1} | {How to prevent} | {Code/config} | ✅/❌ |
| {Threat 2} | {How to prevent} | {Code/config} | ✅/❌ |

## OWASP Top 10 Analysis

**Relevant OWASP risks for this feature**:

1. **{OWASP Risk}**: {How it applies}
   - Mitigation: {How we prevent it}

2. **{OWASP Risk}**: {How it applies}
   - Mitigation: {How we prevent it}

## Security Checklist

**Before deployment, verify**:

- [ ] Input validation (all user inputs sanitized)
- [ ] Authentication (only authorized users)
- [ ] Authorization (proper permission checks)
- [ ] Encryption (data at rest + in transit)
- [ ] Logging (security events logged)
- [ ] Rate limiting (prevent abuse)
- [ ] Error handling (no sensitive info leakage)
- [ ] Dependencies (no known vulnerabilities)
- [ ] Secret management (no hardcoded secrets)
- [ ] Security headers (CSP, HSTS, etc.)

## Secure Code Examples

**✅ Secure**:
```python
# Example of secure implementation

❌ Insecure:

# Example of what NOT to do

Compliance Requirements

Applicable standards:

• GDPR: {Relevant requirements}
• OWASP: {Relevant guidelines}
• SOC 2: {Relevant controls}

Penetration Testing Plan

Tests to run:

1. {Test name}: {What to test}
2. {Test name}: {What to test}
3. {Test name}: {What to test}

---

## Research Quality Gates

**Before marking research as complete, verify**:

### Completeness Gates

- [ ] **Research question clearly defined**
- [ ] **Codebase searched first** (Grep + Glob + Read)
- [ ] **External research performed** (3-5 WebSearch queries)
- [ ] **Top sources fetched** (5+ WebFetch calls)
- [ ] **Findings documented** (follows template)
- [ ] **Sources evaluated** (quality ratings assigned)
- [ ] **Next steps provided** (actionable recommendations)

### Quality Gates

- [ ] **Code examples included** (not just theory)
- [ ] **Security considered** (if applicable)
- [ ] **Performance analyzed** (if applicable)
- [ ] **Tradeoffs documented** (pros and cons)
- [ ] **Integration points identified** (where it fits in codebase)
- [ ] **Tests recommended** (what to test)
- [ ] **Sources are recent** (2024-2025 preferred)

### Clarity Gates

- [ ] **Executive summary is clear** (2-3 sentences)
- [ ] **Recommendation is specific** (not vague)
- [ ] **Implementation steps are detailed** (can follow without questions)
- [ ] **Pitfalls are concrete** (specific mistakes to avoid)
- [ ] **Next steps are actionable** (can start immediately)

**If any gate fails, research is NOT complete.**

---

## Common Research Anti-Patterns

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 1: Skipping Codebase Search

**Problem**: Researching external patterns without checking if we already have a solution.

**Why Bad**: Reinventing the wheel, inconsistent patterns, wasted time.

**Solution**: ALWAYS search codebase first with Grep + Glob + Read.

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 2: Using Outdated Sources

**Problem**: Relying on tutorials from 2019-2020.

**Why Bad**: Outdated practices, deprecated APIs, security vulnerabilities.

**Solution**: Prioritize 2024-2025 sources. If using older sources, verify they're still current.

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 3: Theory Without Examples

**Problem**: Findings describe patterns but don't show code.

**Why Bad**: Implementer can't translate theory to code without guessing.

**Solution**: Always include multiple code examples with context.

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 4: No Tradeoff Analysis

**Problem**: Recommending one approach without explaining alternatives.

**Why Bad**: Reader doesn't understand WHY this is best for our use case.

**Solution**: Compare at least 2-3 alternatives with pros/cons table.

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 5: Ignoring Security

**Problem**: Researching implementation without security considerations.

**Why Bad**: Vulnerable code gets deployed, security issues discovered later.

**Solution**: Always include security section, even if just "N/A - not security-sensitive".

### ❌ Anti-Pattern 6: Vague Next Steps

**Problem**: "Research complete, proceed with implementation" without specific actions.

**Why Bad**: Implementer doesn't know what files to create or what to do first.

**Solution**: Provide specific, numbered next steps with file names.

---

## Integration with Autonomous Architecture

### How Research Fits Into Workflow

User request: "Design a webhook system" ↓ auto_research_trigger.py detects design question ↓ researcher subagent auto-invokes ↓ research-patterns skill provides methodology (THIS SKILL) ↓ researcher performs:

1. Codebase search
2. WebSearch (5 queries)
3. WebFetch (5+ sources)
4. Analysis & distillation
5. Save findings to docs/research/
6. Stage changes ↓ researcher reports: "Research complete, see docs/research/20251018_webhook_system/findings.md" ↓ planner subagent uses findings to create implementation plan ↓ tester subagent writes tests based on findings ↓ implementer subagent implements following findings ↓ Feature complete, aligned with best practices ✅

### Research Feeds Other Subagents

**planner** uses research findings to:
- Choose architectural patterns
- Design system components
- Plan implementation phases

**tester** uses research findings to:
- Identify edge cases to test
- Write security tests
- Create performance benchmarks

**implementer** uses research findings to:
- Follow recommended patterns
- Avoid documented pitfalls
- Use proven code examples

**security-auditor** uses research findings to:
- Check for documented vulnerabilities
- Verify security best practices followed
- Validate against OWASP guidelines

**doc-syncer** uses research findings to:
- Document architectural decisions
- Link to research sources
- Explain pattern choices

---

## Example Research Workflows

### Workflow 1: Architecture Decision

**Trigger**: "Should we use microservices or monolith for this feature?"

**Research Process**:
1. Define question: "What architecture pattern for feature X with Y requirements?"
2. Codebase search: Check existing architecture (`docs/architecture/`)
3. WebSearch:
   - "microservices vs monolith decision criteria 2025"
   - "when to use microservices"
   - "monolith to microservices migration patterns"
4. WebFetch: Martin Fowler, microservices.io, AWS architecture blog
5. Distill findings:
   - Comparison table (complexity, ops, scaling, etc.)
   - Decision tree based on our requirements
   - Recommendation with clear reasoning

**Output**: `docs/research/20251018_architecture_decision/findings.md`

### Workflow 2: Library Comparison

**Trigger**: "Which Python caching library should we use?"

**Research Process**:
1. Define question: "Best caching library for ML model inference with TTL support?"
2. Codebase search: Check if we already use a caching library
3. WebSearch:
   - "Python caching libraries comparison 2025"
   - "Redis vs Memcached Python"
   - "cachetools vs dogpile.cache"
4. WebFetch: Official docs for top 3 libraries, performance benchmarks
5. Distill findings:
   - Feature comparison table
   - Performance benchmarks
   - Ease of use comparison
   - Recommendation based on our needs

**Output**: `docs/research/20251018_caching_library/findings.md`

### Workflow 3: Security Pattern

**Trigger**: "How should we handle API key authentication?"

**Research Process**:
1. Define question: "Secure API key authentication for external API?"
2. Codebase search: Check current auth patterns
3. WebSearch:
   - "API key authentication best practices 2025"
   - "API key security OWASP"
   - "API key vs OAuth comparison"
4. WebFetch: OWASP API Security, Auth0 docs, security blogs
5. Distill findings:
   - Security threat model
   - Recommended implementation (key rotation, rate limiting, etc.)
   - OWASP compliance checklist
   - Secure code examples

**Output**: `docs/research/20251018_api_key_auth/findings.md`

---

## Key Takeaways

1. **Research is an investment**: 20 minutes of research saves hours of refactoring.

2. **Codebase first**: Don't reinvent patterns we already have.

3. **Quality over quantity**: 3 great sources > 10 mediocre sources.

4. **Code examples are mandatory**: Theory alone is not actionable.

5. **Security is non-negotiable**: Always consider security implications.

6. **Tradeoffs must be explicit**: Help decision-makers understand choices.

7. **Recent sources preferred**: 2024-2025 for current best practices.

8. **Research feeds the whole workflow**: Findings guide all downstream subagents.

---

**This skill enables confident, informed implementation by ensuring we learn from the industry before we build.**