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SKILL.md
소스 지침 · 읽기 전용 미리보기- name
- powershell
- description
- PowerShell scripting and automation for Windows and cross-platform
- category
- systems-administration
- difficulty
- intermediate
- tags
- ["powershell","scripting","automation","windows"]
- author
- OpenCode Community
- version
- 1
- last_updated
- 2024-01-15T00:00:00.000Z
# PowerShell
## What I Do
I am PowerShell, Microsoft's command-line shell and scripting language built on .NET. I provide powerful automation capabilities across Windows, Linux, and macOS. I use a verb-noun naming convention for discoverable commands. I pipeline objects between commands, not text. I offer advanced scripting features including functions, modules, classes, and workflows. I integrate with COM, WMI, .NET, and REST APIs. My Just Enough Administration (JEA) enables role-based administration. I support Desired State Configuration (DSC) for declarative configuration management. I'm essential for Windows Server automation and cloud management with Azure PowerShell.
## When to Use Me
- Windows Server administration
- Active Directory management
- Cloud automation (Azure, AWS, GCP)
- Exchange/SharePoint administration
- Configuration management with DSC
- Log analysis and reporting
- CI/CD pipeline scripting
- Task automation and scheduling
- Exchange data protection
## Core Concepts
**Cmdlets**: Small, single-purpose commands following Verb-Noun convention.
**Pipeline**: Passing objects between commands for chained operations.
**Providers**: Access to different data stores (filesystem, registry, certificates).
**Modules**: Bundled cmdlets for specific functionality.
**DSC**: Desired State Configuration for declarative infrastructure.
**Remote PowerShell**: WS-Management for remote execution.
**Classes**: Custom types with properties and methods.
**Jobs**: Background tasks for parallel execution.
## Code Examples
### Example 1: Advanced Function Template
```powershell
function Invoke-SystemHealthCheck {
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Performs comprehensive system health check
.DESCRIPTION
This function checks various system components and returns
a health status report
.PARAMETER ComputerName
Target computer name(s)
.PARAMETER Timeout
Connection timeout in seconds
.PARAMETER IncludeLogs
Include event log analysis
.EXAMPLE
Invoke-SystemHealthCheck -ComputerName 'SERVER01'
.EXAMPLE
Invoke-SystemHealthCheck -ComputerName 'SERVER01','SERVER02' -IncludeLogs
#>
[CmdletBinding(
SupportsShouldProcess=$true,
ConfirmImpact='Low'
)]
param(
[Parameter(
Mandatory=$false,
ValueFromPipeline=$true,
ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName=$true
)]
[Alias('CN','Name','Server')]
[string[]]$ComputerName = $env:COMPUTERNAME,
[Parameter()]
[int]$Timeout = 30,
[Parameter()]
[switch]$IncludeLogs,
[Parameter()]
[string]$OutputPath
)
begin {
$results = @()
$stopwatch = [System.Diagnostics.Stopwatch]::StartNew()
Write-Verbose "Starting health check at $(Get-Date)"
}
process {
foreach ($computer in $ComputerName) {
Write-Information "Processing $computer" -InformationAction Continue
if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess($computer, "Check system health")) {
$computerResults = @{
ComputerName = $computer
CheckTime = Get-Date
Checks = @{}
}
# Check connectivity
$computerResults.Checks['Connectivity'] = @{
Status = Test-Connection -ComputerName $computer -Count 1 -Quiet
Latency = (Measure-Command { Test-Connection -ComputerName $computer -Count 1 }).Milliseconds
}
# Check services
if ($computer -eq $env:COMPUTERNAME -or (Test-WSMan $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
$criticalServices = @('WinRM','Dhcp','Dns')
$computerResults.Checks['Services'] = foreach ($service in $criticalServices) {
$svc = Get-Service -Name $service -ComputerName $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
@{
Name = $service
Status = $svc?.Status ?? 'Unknown'
StartType = (Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_Service `
-Filter "Name='$service'" `
-ComputerName $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)?.StartMode
}
}
# Check disk space
$computerResults.Checks['Disks'] = Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_LogicalDisk `
-ComputerName $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
Where-Object {$_.DriveType -eq 3} |
ForEach-Object {
@{
Drive = $_.DeviceID
PercentFree = [math]::Round(($_.FreeSpace / $_.Size) * 100, 2)
Status = if ($_.FreeSpace / $_.Size -lt 0.1) { 'Critical' }
elseif ($_.FreeSpace / $_.Size -lt 0.2) { 'Warning' }
else { 'Healthy' }
}
}
}
# Event logs
if ($IncludeLogs) {
$computerResults.Checks['EventLogs'] = @{
Errors = (Get-EventLog -LogName System -EntryType Error `
-After (Get-Date).AddHours(-24) -ComputerName $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue).Count
Warnings = (Get-EventLog -LogName System -EntryType Warning `
-After (Get-Date).AddHours(-24) -ComputerName $computer -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue).Count
}
}
$results += [PSCustomObject]$computerResults
}
}
}
end {
$stopwatch.Stop()
Write-Verbose "Health check completed in $($stopwatch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds) seconds"
# Output results
$results |
ForEach-Object {
[PSCustomObject]@{
ComputerName = $_.ComputerName
OverallStatus = if ($_.Checks.Values.Status -contains 'Critical') { 'Critical' }
elseif ($_.Checks.Values.Status -contains 'Warning') { 'Warning' }
else { 'Healthy' }
Details = $_.Checks
}
}
# Export to file
if ($OutputPath) {
$results | Export-Clixml -Path $OutputPath -Force
Write-Verbose "Results exported to $OutputPath"
}
}
}
```
### Example 2: DSC Configuration
```powershell
configuration WebServerConfig {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[string[]]$ComputerName,
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[string]$WebSiteName,
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[string]$PhysicalPath
)
Import-DscResource -ModuleName PSDesiredStateConfiguration
Import-DscResource -ModuleName xWebAdministration
node $ComputerName {
# Install Web Server role
WindowsFeature WebServer {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = 'Web-Server'
}
# Install management tools
WindowsFeature WebMgmtTools {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = 'Web-Mgmt-Tools'
DependsOn = '[WindowsFeature]WebServer'
}
# Create application pool
xWebAppPool AppPool {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = $WebSiteName
State = 'Started'
ManagedRuntimeVersion = 'v4.0'
IdentityType = 'ApplicationPoolIdentity'
DependsOn = '[WindowsFeature]WebMgmtTools'
}
# Create website
xWebsite WebSite {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = $WebSiteName
State = 'Started'
PhysicalPath = $PhysicalPath
ApplicationPool = $WebSiteName
BindingInfo = MSFT_xWebBindingInformation {
Protocol = 'http'
Port = 80
}
DependsOn = '[xWebAppPool]AppPool'
}
# Configure authentication
xWebConfigProperty Authentication {
WebsitePath = "IIS:\Sites\$WebSiteName"
Filter = 'system.webServer/security/authentication/anonymousAuthentication'
PropertyName = 'Enabled'
Value = $false
DependsOn = '[xWebsite]WebSite'
}
# Ensure SSL required
xWebConfigProperty RequireSSL {
WebsitePath = "IIS:\Sites\$WebSiteName"
Filter = 'system.webServer/security/access'
PropertyName = 'sslFlags'
Value = 'Ssl'
DependsOn = '[xWebsite]WebSite'
}
# Configure logging
xWebsiteLogging Logging {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = $WebSiteName
LogDirectory = 'C:\inetpub\logs\LogFiles'
LogFlags = @('Date','Time','ServerIP','Method','UriStem','Status','TimeTaken')
DependsOn = '[xWebsite]WebSite'
}
# Windows Firewall
Firewall AddFirewallRule {
Ensure = 'Present'
Name = "IIS-WebTraffic-HTTP-In"
DisplayName = "IIS HTTP Traffic"
Direction = 'Inbound'
Protocol = 'tcp'
LocalPort = 80
Action = 'Allow'
Enabled = 'True'
}
}
}
# Generate MOF files
WebServerConfig -ComputerName @('WEB01','WEB02') `
-WebSiteName 'MyApplication' `
-PhysicalPath 'D:\Websites\MyApplication'
# Apply configuration
Start-DscConfiguration -Path .\WebServerConfig -Wait -Verbose -Force
```
### Example 3: REST API Client
```powershell
class APIClient {
[string]$BaseUri
[hashtable]$Headers
[int]$Timeout
[bool]$IgnoreSSL
APIClient([string]$BaseUri, [int]$Timeout = 30) {
$this.BaseUri = $BaseUri
$this.Timeout = $Timeout
$this.Headers = @{
'Content-Type' = 'application/json'
'Accept' = 'application/json'
}
}
[void] SetBearerToken([string]$Token) {
$this.Headers['Authorization'] = "Bearer $Token"
}
[object] Get([string]$Endpoint, [hashtable]$QueryParams = @{}) {
$uri = "$($this.BaseUri)/$Endpoint"
if ($QueryParams.Count -gt 0) {
$uri += '?' + ($QueryParams.GetEnumerator() |
ForEach-Object { "$($_.Key)=$([System.Web.HttpUtility]::UrlEncode($_.Value))" }) -join '&'
}
$params = @{
Uri = $uri
Method = 'GET'
Headers = $this.Headers
Timeout = $this.Timeout
}
return $this.Invoke-RestMethod @params
}
[object] Post([string]$Endpoint, [object]$Body) {
$uri = "$($this.BaseUri)/$Endpoint"
$params = @{
Uri = $uri
Method = 'POST'
Headers = $this.Headers
Body = $Body | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 10
Timeout = $this.Timeout
}
return $this.Invoke-RestMethod @params
}
[object] Put([string]$Endpoint, [object]$Body) {
$uri = "$($this.BaseUri)/$Endpoint"
$params = @{
Uri = $uri
Method = 'PUT'
Headers = $this.Headers
Body = $Body | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 10
Timeout = $this.Timeout
}
return $this.Invoke-RestMethod @params
}
[object] Patch([string]$Endpoint, [object]$Body) {
$uri = "$($this.BaseUri)/$Endpoint"
$params = @{
Uri = $uri
Method = 'PATCH'
Headers = $this.Headers
Body = $Body | ConvertTo-Json -Depth 10
Timeout = $this.Timeout
}
return $this.Invoke-RestMethod @params
}
[void] Delete([string]$Endpoint) {
$uri = "$($this.BaseUri)/$Endpoint"
$params = @{
Uri = $uri
Method = 'DELETE'
Headers = $this.Headers
Timeout = $this.Timeout
}
$null = Invoke-RestMethod @params
}
}
# Usage example
$api = [APIClient]::new('https://api.example.com/v1')
$api.SetBearerToken('your-token-here')
# GET request
$users = $api.Get('users')
# POST request
$newUser = @{
name = 'John Doe'
email = 'john@example.com'
role = 'admin'
}
$created = $api.Post('users', $newUser)
```
### Example 4: Parallel Processing with Jobs
```powershell
function Invoke-ParallelProcessing {
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Process items in parallel using jobs
#>
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[array]$InputObject,
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[scriptblock]$ScriptBlock,
[Parameter()]
[int]$ThrottleLimit = 5,
[Parameter()]
[string]$PropertyName
)
$results = @()
$jobs = @()
foreach ($item in $InputObject) {
$job = @{
ScriptBlock = $ScriptBlock
InputObject = $item
}
if ($PropertyName) {
$job['Name'] = $item.$PropertyName
}
$jobs += $job
# Start job when throttle limit not reached
if ($jobs.Count -ge $ThrottleLimit) {
$results += Receive-Job -Job ($jobs | Start-Job -ScriptBlock $ScriptBlock) -ErrorAction Continue
$jobs = @()
}
}
# Process remaining jobs
if ($jobs.Count -gt 0) {
$results += Receive-Job -Job ($jobs | Start-Job -ScriptBlock $ScriptBlock) -ErrorAction Continue
}
return $results
}
# Example usage - process multiple servers
$servers = @('SERVER01','SERVER02','SERVER03','SERVER04','SERVER05')
$script = {
param($server)
Get-CimInstance -ComputerName $server -ClassName Win32_OperatingSystem |
Select-Object @{N='Server';E={$server}}, Caption, Version
}
$results = Invoke-ParallelProcessing -InputObject $servers -ScriptBlock $script -ThrottleLimit 3
```
## Best Practices
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