debug

name

debug

description

Diagnose training issues with Tinker — slow steps, hanging sessions, output mismatches, error messages, renderer problems, and deployment issues. Use this skill whenever a user reports that training is slow, steps take too long, sessions are hanging, model outputs differ between Tinker and external engines (vLLM, SGLang), they get a confusing error message, training quality is poor (high KL, bad outputs), or they suspect something is wrong. Also trigger when users ask "is this a Tinker issue or my issue?", "is Tinker down?", report unexpected wait times, see output quality regressions, get opaque errors, or want to profile/debug their training or deployment pipeline. This skill walks through systematic triage to determine root cause.

Tinker Debug

Systematic triage for training and deployment issues. Five triage paths:

1. Performance issues — slow steps, hanging sessions, throughput problems
2. Output correctness issues — mismatches between Tinker sampling and external inference engines
3. Service availability — "is Tinker down?" quick diagnostics
4. Renderer issues — wrong tokens, training quality degradation, prompt mismatches
5. Error message decoder — mapping opaque errors to root causes

Identify which category the user's problem falls into, then follow the appropriate triage.

How the Tinker SDK works (essential context)

Understanding the SDK's threading model is key to diagnosing most issues. The SDK runs a background thread with its own asyncio event loop. All network I/O, heartbeats, and API result polling happen on this thread.

┌─────────────────────┐     ┌──────────────────────────────┐
│     Main Thread      │     │      SDK Background Thread    │
│  (user code)         │     │  (asyncio event loop)         │
│                      │     │                               │
│  fb = tc.fwd_bwd_   │────>│  HTTP POST /forward_backward  │
│       async(data)    │     │  → returns request_id         │
│                      │     │                               │
│  # prepare next      │     │  Long-poll /retrieve_future   │
│  # batch here...     │     │  (HTTP 408 = not ready yet)   │
│                      │     │                               │
│  result = fb.result()│<────│  Result arrives → resolve     │
│  # blocks until done │     │                               │
│                      │     │  Heartbeat every 10s          │
└─────────────────────┘     └──────────────────────────────┘

When you call forward_backward_async(), the SDK:

1. Submits the request coroutine to the background thread
2. Returns a future immediately (main thread continues)
3. Background thread sends HTTP request, starts long-polling for result
4. Calling .result() on the future blocks main thread until the background thread resolves it

Why this matters for debugging: The background thread shares the Python GIL with the main thread. If user code holds the GIL for extended periods (heavy numpy/torch computation, CPU-bound data processing, slow serialization), the background thread cannot:

• Send heartbeats (sessions can expire after missed heartbeats)
• Poll for API results (futures appear to "hang")
• Submit new requests (pipelining breaks)

This means "my training is slow/hanging" is often caused by the user's own code blocking the SDK's background thread via GIL contention — not a network or server issue.

Triage order

Work through these steps in order. Most issues are caught in steps 1-3 and never need deep profiling.

Step 1: Environment check

Bad dependency versions are a silent killer. Check these first because they're fast to verify and cause mysterious slowdowns that look like service issues.

import sys, pydantic, tinker
print(f"Python: {sys.version}")
print(f"pydantic: {pydantic.__version__}")
print(f"tinker SDK: {tinker.__version__}")
try:
    import torch; print(f"torch: {torch.__version__}")
except ImportError: pass
try:
    import numpy; print(f"numpy: {numpy.__version__}")
except ImportError: pass
try:
    import transformers; print(f"transformers: {transformers.__version__}")
except ImportError: pass

Known problem versions:

• pydantic >= 2.13.0b1 (beta): Serialization regression makes model_dump() extremely slow on large payloads (tokens/tensors). Symptom: SDK thread stalls for minutes on forward_backward submission. Fix: pin pydantic<2.13 or use a stable release.
• transformers == 5.3.0: Incorrect tokenizer_class for DeepSeek V2/V3 models (huggingface/transformers#44801, fixed in 5.3.1). Causes tokenizer loading failures. Upgrade or skip this version.
• transformers < 5.0: Bug in Qwen2VLImageProcessor that miscounts image tokens for VL models. Fix: upgrade to >=5.0.
• Always check if the user is on the latest stable tinker SDK. Suggest pip install --upgrade tinker.

If the user has a beta or pre-release of any core dependency, that's the likely culprit. Suggest downgrading before deeper investigation.

Step 2: Async pipelining check

The single most common performance mistake. If the user's code awaits each API call before submitting the next, the GPU sits idle between steps.

Ask the user to share their training loop code, then look for these anti-patterns:

# BAD: sequential — GPU idle while client prepares next call
result = tc.forward_backward(data=batch, loss_fn="cross_entropy")  # blocks
tc.optim_step(adam_params=params)  # blocks

# BAD: async but still sequential
result = await tc.forward_backward_async(data=batch, loss_fn="cross_entropy")
await tc.optim_step_async(adam_params=params)

# GOOD: pipelined — submit both before awaiting
fb_future = tc.forward_backward_async(data=batch, loss_fn="cross_entropy")
optim_future = tc.optim_step_async(adam_params=params)
# ... prepare next batch while GPU works ...
fb_result = fb_future.result()
optim_result = optim_future.result()

If the user is using the cookbook's supervised.train or rl.train, pipelining is handled automatically. If they have a custom script, check their loop carefully. If they're struggling with async patterns, suggest switching to the cookbook's training scripts which handle pipelining, checkpointing, and logging out of the box.

Quick test: If the user reports "first step is slow but later steps are faster," that's often normal warm-up (model loading, JIT compilation). If every step is slow, the issue is likely pipelining or serialization.

Step 3: Quick timing breakdown

Before reaching for heavy profiling tools, get a rough breakdown of where time goes. The cookbook's built-in tracing does this automatically.

If the user is running the cookbook's train scripts, check the log_path output:

# Read timing metrics from a training run
import json
with open("path/to/metrics.jsonl") as f:
    metrics = [json.loads(line) for line in f]

# Look at timing keys for the last few steps
for m in metrics[-3:]:
    timing = {k: v for k, v in m.items() if k.startswith("time/")}
    print(f"step {m.get('progress/batch')}: {timing}")

What to look for:

• time/forward_backward >> time/optim_step — Normal, fwd/bwd is heavier
• time/get_batch is large — Data loading is the bottleneck, not Tinker
• time/total >> sum of individual times — There are gaps between operations (pipelining issue)
• Large time/forward_backward on step 0, then normal — Warm-up, not a bug

If the user has a custom script without cookbook tracing, suggest wrapping key sections:

import time

t0 = time.perf_counter()
fb_future = tc.forward_backward_async(data=batch, loss_fn="cross_entropy")
t_submit = time.perf_counter() - t0

t0 = time.perf_counter()
result = fb_future.result()
t_wait = time.perf_counter() - t0

print(f"submit: {t_submit:.2f}s, wait: {t_wait:.2f}s")

For a more detailed view, pyinstrument with async mode shows exactly where time goes:

pip install pyinstrument
pyinstrument --async-mode=enabled your_script.py

Interpreting results:

• High submit time → Client-side bottleneck (serialization, data prep). Go to Step 4.
• High wait time → Either network or server-side. Go to Step 5.
• Both reasonable but steps are slow → Check for gaps between steps (pipelining). Go back to Step 2.

Step 4: Profile the request lifecycle

The key is to understand where in the request lifecycle time is being spent. Every Tinker API call goes through: submit → serialize → network send → server compute → long-poll → resolve. GIL contention can block steps on the SDK background thread silently.

Option A: Cookbook tracing (if using cookbook train scripts)

The cookbook automatically produces Gantt charts and Perfetto traces:

# View the Gantt chart — shows each operation as a timeline bar
# Open: <log_path>/iteration_000000/timing_gantt.html

# View Perfetto trace (more detail, shows both threads)
python -m tinker_cookbook.utils.trace <log_path>/trace_events.jsonl -o trace.json
# Open https://ui.perfetto.dev/ and load trace.json

In the Gantt chart, look for gaps between bars — these are periods where neither the main thread nor the SDK is doing useful work. Common patterns:

• Long bar for forward_backward with gaps before/after → Pipelining issue
• Long bar for get_batch → Data loading bottleneck
• Gaps with no bars at all → GIL contention (background thread blocked)

Option B: pyinstrument (for custom scripts)

pip install pyinstrument
pyinstrument --async-mode=enabled your_script.py

The --async-mode=enabled flag is critical — without it, time spent in await all gets attributed to epoll.poll which tells you nothing.

What to look for:

• Time in pydantic serialization (model_dump, __repr__) → Dependency issue (Step 1)
• Time in AwaitableConcurrentFuture.result_async → Waiting for server (network or server-side)
• Time in data preparation, tokenization, numpy/torch ops → GIL contention risk

Option C: Thread stack watchdog (for hung/slow sessions)

When a session is actively slow or hung, use the async task dump + thread stack watchdog to see what both threads are doing in real-time. Read references/async-task-dump.md for ready-to-paste diagnostic code.

Interpreting the output:

• SDK thread has pending _forward_backward_async tasks → Work submitted, waiting for server
• SDK thread has pending _result_async → Normal long-polling behavior
• SDK thread stopped logging entirely → GIL contention — the background thread can't wake up
• Main thread stuck in numpy/torch/data code while SDK thread is stalled → GIL is the bottleneck

Step 5: GIL contention and background thread blocking

This is the most subtle and most common cause of "mysterious" slowdowns. Because the SDK's background thread shares Python's GIL with the main thread, CPU-heavy work in the user's code blocks the SDK from:

• Sending heartbeats → Session may expire (warning: "Session heartbeat failed")
• Polling for results → Futures appear to hang for minutes
• Submitting new requests → Pipelining breaks even when using _async variants

Symptoms of GIL contention:

• Steps are slow but server-side traces show the GPU finished quickly
• Heartbeat warnings in the logs
• Inconsistent step times (varies with data processing load)
• pyinstrument shows most time in epoll.poll (even with async mode) — the event loop couldn't run

Common GIL-heavy operations in training scripts:

• Large numpy array operations (tokenization, data preprocessing)
• Torch tensor operations on CPU (not GPU — GPU ops release the GIL)
• Heavy JSON/pydantic serialization
• File I/O for large datasets
• transformers tokenizer calls on large batches

Fixes:

1. Move heavy work out of the hot loop: Preprocess data before training starts
2. Use the cookbook's training scripts: They pipeline data prep with async API calls
3. Offload to subprocess: For sampling-heavy workloads, the SDK supports subprocess isolation via TINKER_SUBPROCESS_SAMPLING=1, which gives sampling its own event loop in a separate process (no GIL sharing)
4. Break up long CPU operations: Insert await asyncio.sleep(0) or small yields between heavy processing to let the background thread run

Diagnostic: Is GIL the problem?

import threading, time

def gil_monitor(interval=2.0):
    """Prints when the GIL blocks this thread for too long."""
    expected = interval
    while True:
        t0 = time.monotonic()
        time.sleep(interval)
        actual = time.monotonic() - t0
        jitter = actual - expected
        if jitter > 0.5:  # >500ms jitter = GIL contention
            print(f"[GIL monitor] slept {actual:.2f}s instead of {expected:.1f}s "
                  f"(jitter: {jitter:.2f}s) — likely GIL contention")

threading.Thread(target=gil_monitor, daemon=True).start()
# ... rest of training script ...

This runs a monitoring thread that detects when time.sleep() takes significantly longer than requested — a sign that the GIL was held by another thread.

Step 6: Network vs. server-side

If GIL is not the issue and the client submits quickly, check whether the wait is network or server:

import time, tinker
svc = tinker.ServiceClient()
t0 = time.perf_counter()
caps = svc.get_server_capabilities()
print(f"API round-trip: {time.perf_counter() - t0:.2f}s")
# >2s suggests network issues; <1s rules out network

If network is fast, share the session ID (tc.get_info()) with the Tinker team for server-side investigation.

Step 7: Escalation

If you've verified that:

1. Dependencies are on stable, recent versions
2. The training loop uses proper async pipelining
3. GIL contention is not the issue
4. Client-side profiling shows most time in SDK await calls
5. Network round-trip is fast

Then the issue is likely server-side. Help the user file a report with:

• Session ID (from tc.get_info())
• Step timing (from metrics.jsonl or manual timing)
• pyinstrument profile (with --async-mode=enabled)
• Tinker SDK version and other dependency versions
• What machine they're running on (cloud instance type, region)

---

Output correctness triage

When the user reports that their fine-tuned model behaves differently in external inference engines (vLLM, SGLang, TGI) compared to Tinker's sampling client, the problem is almost always in the weight merge/export step, not in training.

Tinker's sampling client serves the unmerged LoRA adapter directly on top of the base model — it's the ground truth. If the model produces correct outputs through Tinker sampling but wrong outputs after export, the merge is the first suspect.

Step 1: Use the cookbook merge, not a custom script

The most common cause of merge issues is users writing their own merge scripts. The cookbook's weights.build_hf_model() handles model-specific weight layouts automatically — MoE expert fusion, VL model prefixes, split QKV projections, and more.

from tinker_cookbook import weights

# Download adapter
adapter_dir = weights.download(
    tinker_path="tinker://session-id/sampler_weights/step_N",
    output_dir="./adapter",
)

# Merge LoRA into base model (handles all model-specific layouts)
weights.build_hf_model(
    base_model="Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
    adapter_path=adapter_dir,
    output_path="./merged_model",
    dtype="bfloat16",
)

If the user has a custom merge script, strongly recommend switching to the cookbook's implementation first. It handles:

• MoE gate_up_proj fusion — Correctly detects concatenated vs interleaved layouts per model family
• VL model prefixes — Adds model.language_model.* prefix for vision-language models
• Split QKV projections — Handles Qwen3.5 fused in_proj_qkv with unequal Q/K/V dimensions
• Shard-by-shard processing — Low memory merge for large models

Step 2: Verify prompt equivalence

Even with correct weights, different inference engines may tokenize or render prompts differently. Verify the model receives identical input:

# Compare token IDs between Tinker and external engine
# Tinker side:
model_input = renderer.build_supervised_example(messages)[0]
tinker_tokens = [chunk.tokens for chunk in model_input.chunks if hasattr(chunk, 'tokens')]

# External engine side:
external_tokens = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=True)

# Compare
assert tinker_tokens == external_tokens, "Token mismatch — check chat template and renderer"

For vision models, also verify:

• Image tokens are in the same positions
• Image preprocessing (resize, normalization) matches
• The number of image tokens per image matches

Step 3: Check for known merge pitfalls

If the user must use a custom merge, the most common issues are:

• MoE gate_up_proj fusion convention — Concatenated (Qwen3.5, Qwen3-VL) vs interleaved (GPT-OSS). Wrong convention silently corrupts weights.
• Precision loss — LoRA merge math must be done in float32, then cast to bfloat16. Direct bfloat16 matmul introduces errors.
• Tinker weight naming — w1=gate, w2=down, w3=up. Swapping w1/w3 is a common bug.
• VL model prefix — Vision-language models add model.language_model.* prefix that custom scripts often miss.

For full details (weight layout diagrams, validation scripts, tensor comparison code), read references/merge-debugging.md.

Step 4: Try PEFT adapter as workaround

If merge issues persist, skip the merge entirely and serve the unmerged adapter:

weights.build_lora_adapter(
    base_model="Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
    adapter_path=adapter_dir,
    output_path="./peft_adapter",
)
# Then serve with vLLM: --lora-modules my_adapter=./peft_adapter

This lets the engine apply the LoRA at inference time, sidestepping merge-related precision and layout bugs.

Step 5: Escalation for correctness issues

If the cookbook merge + correct prompts still produce wrong outputs, gather: model name/size, session ID, merge method, engine version, example input/output comparison, and token IDs confirming prompt equivalence.

---

Service availability triage

When the user asks "is Tinker down?" or operations hang/fail unexpectedly, run a quick smoke test before deeper investigation. Many users can't distinguish a service outage from a bug in their code.

Quick smoke test

Help the user run a three-step diagnostic to isolate where things break:

import time, tinker

svc = tinker.ServiceClient()

# Step 1: API reachable?
t0 = time.perf_counter()
try:
    caps = svc.get_server_capabilities()
    print(f"API reachable ({time.perf_counter() - t0:.2f}s), {len(caps.models)} models available")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"API unreachable: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")

# Step 2: Can we create a training session? (small model for speed)
try:
    tc = svc.create_lora_training_client(base_model="Qwen/Qwen3.5-9B-Base", rank=32)
    print(f"Training client created: {tc.get_info()}")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Training client failed: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")

Interpreting: Step 1 fails → service down or network. Step 1 passes but Step 2 fails → model-specific capacity issue (try smaller model). Both pass but user's script fails → issue is in user's code.

Common server-side errors

Error	Meaning
APIConnectionError	Service down or network issue
APITimeoutError	Service overloaded
HTTP 402	Billing blocked — check Tinker console
HTTP 429	Rate limited — reduce concurrency
HTTP 500	Server bug — gather session ID and report
Client creation hangs	Capacity shortage — SDK may not surface error clearly

---

Renderer triage

Renderer issues cause silent training degradation — the model trains on wrong tokens, producing poor results without any error messages. This is the most common source of subtle quality bugs.

The renderer converts chat-style messages into model-specific token sequences. If the renderer produces different tokens than the model expects, training teaches the wrong associations. The model may still train (loss goes down) but learn garbage.

When to suspect a renderer issue

• Training loss decreases but model outputs are poor quality
• High KL divergence at step 0 (before any training) — indicates the prompt tokens don't match what the model expects
• Model produces garbled or off-distribution outputs
• Tool calling works in some models but not others
• Thinking/reasoning blocks appear or disappear unexpectedly

Step 1: Verify you're using the right renderer

from tinker_cookbook import model_info

renderer_name = model_info.get_recommended_renderer_name("Qwen/Qwen3-8B")
print(f"Recommended renderer: {renderer_name}")

Never hardcode renderer names. Each model family has specific token formats, and using the wrong renderer silently produces incorrect training data.

Hybrid models (thinking + non-thinking) are especially tricky. These models support both reasoning (<think> blocks) and direct responses. Using the wrong variant causes token-level mismatches:

Model family	Thinking renderer	Non-thinking renderer	Notes
Qwen3	qwen3	qwen3_disable_thinking	Default is thinking-enabled. qwen3_instruct for instruction-only.
Qwen3.5	qwen3_5	qwen3_5_disable_thinking	Hybrid attention; also has VL variants.
DeepSeek V3	deepseekv3_thinking	deepseekv3	Default is non-thinking. Thinking adds <think> prefill.
Kimi K2.6	kimi_k26	kimi_k26_disable_thinking	Vision-capable.
Nemotron3	nemotron3	nemotron3_disable_thinking

Common hybrid model mistakes:

• Training on data with <think> blocks using a _disable_thinking renderer → Thinking tokens treated as regular text
• Using a thinking renderer but testing with temperature=0 and short max_tokens → Model spends all tokens thinking, never produces an answer
• Comparing against HF template without passing thinking=True → Token mismatch that looks like a renderer bug but is a test setup issue

Step 2: Compare tokens against HuggingFace

The ground truth is the model's HuggingFace tokenizer with apply_chat_template. Compare your renderer's output against it:

from tinker_cookbook.renderers import get_renderer
from tinker_cookbook.tokenizer_utils import get_tokenizer
from tinker_cookbook.model_info import get_recommended_renderer_name

model_name = "Qwen/Qwen3-8B"
tokenizer = get_tokenizer(model_name)
renderer_name = get_recommended_renderer_name(model_name)
renderer = get_renderer(renderer_name, tokenizer)

# Test conversation
messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Hello!"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "Hi there!"},
]

# Cookbook tokens
cookbook_mi = renderer.build_generation_prompt(messages)
cookbook_tokens = cookbook_mi.to_ints()

# HuggingFace tokens
hf_tokens = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages,
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    tokenize=True,
)

if cookbook_tokens == list(hf_tokens):
    print("MATCH: Renderer tokens match HuggingFace")
else:
    print("MISMATCH: Renderer diverges from HuggingFace")
    # Find first divergence point
    for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(cookbook_tokens, hf_tokens)):
        if a != b:
            print(f"  First diff at position {i}: cookbook={a} ({tokenizer.decode([a])!r}) vs HF={b} ({tokenizer.decode([b])!r})")
            break
    print(f"  Cookbook length: {len(cookbook_tokens)}, HF length: {len(hf_tokens)}")

If tokens match: The renderer is correct. The issue is elsewhere (training config, data quality, etc.).

If tokens don't match: Check these common causes:

• Thinking mode: Some models (Qwen3, DeepSeek) need thinking=True passed to apply_chat_template. The renderer handles this automatically, but make sure you're comparing apples to apples.
• System prompt: Some renderers inject a default system prompt (Kimi K2). If your HF comparison doesn't include one, tokens will diverge.
• Tool calling format: Each model family uses a different tool call format. The renderer must match the model's expected format exactly.

Step 3: Check thinking mode handling

For models with thinking capabilities (Qwen3, Qwen3.5/Qwen3.6, DeepSeek V3, Kimi K2.6, Nemotron3):

• Use the _disable_thinking renderer variant if you don't want <think> blocks
• Historical assistant messages may have thinking stripped by default (depends on renderer)
• If training on thinking data, ensure the renderer preserves <think> blocks in the training tokens

Step 4: Validate tool calling

Tool call formats vary significantly across models. If tool calling quality is poor after training:

1. Check that the renderer's tool format matches what the model was pre-trained on
2. Verify parse_response() correctly extracts tool calls from model output
3. Compare tool call rendering against HF's apply_chat_template(..., tools=tool_specs)

For the full renderer reference (all models, formats, edge cases), read references/renderer-debugging.md.

---

Error message decoder

Tinker errors can be opaque. This section maps common error messages to root causes and fixes.

SDK / API errors

Error message	Root cause	Fix
max() iterable argument is empty	Empty token list in a Datum — usually an EncodedTextChunk with no tokens	Validate your data: ensure every datum has at least one non-empty chunk with tokens
Could not convert loss function inputs to array record	Extra fields in loss_fn_inputs that the loss function doesn't expect (e.g., mask field not stripped)	Use the cookbook's data helpers which strip extra fields automatically; or remove mask from loss_fn_inputs before passing to forward_backward
Unknown client error	Generic catch-all — often means the checkpoint type is wrong	If during sampling: did you pass a save_state path instead of save_weights_for_sampler? State checkpoints can't be used for sampling.
prompt tokens + max_tokens > context window	Prompt too long for the model	Reduce prompt length or max_tokens. The error message shows the specific limits.
Failed after exhausting retries	Transient server error that didn't recover	Check service availability (smoke test above). If service is up, retry with a fresh session.
Access blocked / HTTP 403	No permission to access the model or checkpoint	Check API key, organization membership, or checkpoint visibility settings
HTTP 402	Billing issue — account blocked	Add credits at the Tinker console billing page
HTTP 429	Rate limited — too many concurrent requests	Reduce concurrency (default limit: ~2000 concurrent sampling requests). Add backoff/retry logic.
HTTP 409 on checkpoint save	Checkpoint already exists (retry after transient failure)	The original save succeeded. Check if the checkpoint is already there before retrying.
session_id is required with hint about SDK version	Tinker SDK too old	Run pip install --upgrade tinker

Cookbook errors

Error message	Root cause	Fix
Unknown model: {name}	Model name not in cookbook's registry	Check spelling; use model_info.get_model_attributes() to list known models
tokens and weights must be the same length	Mismatch between token sequence and loss weight array	Check your datum_from_model_input_weights() call — usually means max_length truncated tokens but not weights
Expected X tokens, got Y from image	VLM image token count mismatch — usually a transformers version issue	Upgrade transformers>=5.0 or install torchvision. HuggingFace Qwen2VLImageProcessor had a bug in older versions.
RendererError: Unknown renderer	Invalid renderer name	Use model_info.get_recommended_renderer_name(model_name)
image_processor is required to render image content	VL renderer needs image processor for image inputs	Pass image_processor to get_renderer(). Use get_image_processor(model_name).
DataFormatError: Each line must contain a 'messages' field	JSONL data file has wrong format	Each line must be a JSON object with a messages key containing a list of message dicts
StreamingSupervisedDatasetFromHFDataset only supports forward iteration	Tried to seek backward in streaming dataset	Streaming datasets are forward-only; don't try to restart from an earlier batch

For the full error reference with additional edge cases, read references/error-reference.md.

---

Decision tree summary

Output differs between Tinker and external engine
├─ Using custom merge script? → Switch to cookbook weights.build_hf_model()
├─ Prompts identical? → Compare token IDs and image preprocessing
├─ MoE model? → Check gate_up_proj fusion convention (concat vs interleave)
├─ Large model / numerical issues? → Check merge precision (float32), try PEFT adapter
└─ Cookbook merge + correct prompts + still wrong → Engine-specific issue → Escalate
├─ Using custom merge script? → Switch to cookbook weights.build_hf_model()
├─ Prompts identical? → Compare token IDs and image preprocessing
├─ MoE model? → Check gate_up_proj fusion convention (concat vs interleave)
├─ Large model / numerical issues? → Check merge precision (float32), try PEFT adapter
└─ Cookbook merge + correct prompts + still wrong → Engine-specific issue → Escalate

Training is slow
├─ Check dependency versions (Step 1)
│  └─ Beta/pre-release pydantic? → Downgrade
├─ Check async pipelining (Step 2)
│  └─ Sequential API calls? → Pipeline them
├─ Get timing breakdown (Step 3)
│  ├─ High submit time → Profile request lifecycle (Step 4)
│  │  ├─ Slow serialization → Dependency issue
│  │  ├─ Slow data loading → Optimize data pipeline
│  │  └─ SDK thread stalled → GIL contention (Step 5)
│  └─ High wait time → GIL or network or server
│     ├─ Heartbeat warnings in logs → GIL contention (Step 5)
│     ├─ Fast API round-trip → Server-side → Escalate (Step 7)
│     └─ Slow API round-trip → Network issue
├─ Inconsistent step times → GIL contention (Step 5)
└─ First step slow, rest fast → Normal warm-up

Is Tinker down?
├─ Run smoke test (ServiceClient + create small training client)
│  ├─ API unreachable → Service down or network issue
│  ├─ API works but training client fails → Model-specific capacity issue
│  └─ Everything works → Issue is in user's code
└─ Check error: HTTP 402 = billing, 429 = rate limit, 500 = server bug

Training quality is poor (high KL, bad outputs)
├─ KL high at step 0? → Renderer mismatch (tokens don't match model's expected format)
├─ Compare renderer tokens vs HF apply_chat_template
│  ├─ Tokens match → Issue is elsewhere (LR, data quality, loss function)
│  └─ Tokens differ → Wrong renderer or renderer bug
├─ Tool calling broken? → Check renderer tool format matches model family
└─ Thinking blocks wrong? → Use correct _disable_thinking variant

Common resolutions

Symptom	Likely cause	Fix
Every step takes 5-10min	Missing async pipelining	Use _async variants, submit before await
First step slow, rest normal	Model warm-up / JIT	Expected behavior, no fix needed
Steps hang indefinitely	Dependency bug or network	Check pydantic version; try different machine
Slow with large batch_size	Payload serialization	Check pydantic version; reduce batch_size
Works on one machine, not another	Environment difference	Compare pip freeze outputs
GPU time looks fine but steps slow	Gaps between submissions	Pipeline: submit next step before awaiting current
Heartbeat warnings + slow steps	GIL contention (CPU work blocking SDK thread)	Preprocess data outside loop; use TINKER_SUBPROCESS_SAMPLING=1
Inconsistent step times	GIL contention varies with data batch	Move heavy numpy/torch CPU ops out of hot loop
Session expired unexpectedly	Missed heartbeats (SDK thread blocked)	Reduce GIL-holding operations; use subprocess sampling
Output correct in Tinker, wrong in vLLM/SGLang	Merge bug (usually fused projection layout)	Use cookbook weights.build_hf_model()
Model produces invalid/garbled outputs after export	Wrong gate_up_proj convention or precision loss	Check concat vs interleave; merge in float32
Numerical instability after deploy	Merge precision or engine quantization	Try build_lora_adapter() instead of merging
Outputs subtly different but not completely wrong	bfloat16 merge rounding	Merge in float32, cast back after
High KL at step 0 (before any training)	Renderer produces wrong tokens	Compare renderer tokens vs HF apply_chat_template()
Training loss drops but outputs are poor	Renderer mismatch or wrong train_on_what	Verify renderer; check loss weight masking
create_lora_training_client hangs forever	Capacity shortage for that model	Try smaller model; check service availability
Expected X tokens, got Y from image	transformers version bug in VLM processor	Upgrade to transformers>=5.0
max() iterable argument is empty	Empty token list in datum	Validate all datums have non-empty chunks
Operations work but sporadically fail/hang	Service under load or transient issues	Add retry logic; gather session IDs for reports

Code references

Key imports for debugging:

from tinker_cookbook import model_info, weights
from tinker_cookbook.renderers import get_renderer, get_registered_renderer_names
from tinker_cookbook.tokenizer_utils import get_tokenizer
from tinker_cookbook.utils import trace, ml_log
import tinker

Reference files in this skill:

• references/async-task-dump.md — Ready-to-paste diagnostic for hung sessions
• references/serialization-test.md — Pydantic regression benchmark
• references/merge-debugging.md — Weight layout conventions and fusion formats
• references/renderer-debugging.md — Renderer validation, token comparison, model-specific quirks
• references/error-reference.md — Extended error message decoder with edge cases