api-security-review

name	api-security-review
description	Reviews Azure API Management configurations for security vulnerabilities, OWASP API Security Top 10 compliance, VNet Internal mode validation, Private Link verification, and Azure Security Benchmark alignment. Use when performing security audits, pre-deployment validation, or compliance reviews.
license	MIT
metadata	{"author":"Thomas Thornton","version":"1.0.0","last-updated":"2026-05-19","azure-services":"api-management, security-center","compliance-frameworks":"owasp-api-top10,azure-security-benchmark,cis-azure"}

API Security Review Skill

Performs comprehensive security reviews of Azure API Management configurations, policies, and network architecture with focus on OWASP API Security Top 10 and Azure Security Benchmark.

When to Use This Skill

Activate this skill when users need:

• Security audits: Comprehensive review of APIM configuration and policies
• Pre-deployment validation: Security checklist before production deployment
• Compliance reviews: OWASP API Top 10, Azure Security Benchmark, CIS Azure alignment
• Vulnerability assessments: Identify security gaps in authentication, network, policies
• Incident response: Review configuration after security incident
• Architecture validation: Verify VNet Internal mode, Private Link, authentication setup

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Security Review Framework

1. OWASP API Security Top 10 (2023 RC)

ID	Threat	APIM Mitigation
API1	Broken Object Level Authorization	Policy: validate-jwt + check user claims for resource ownership
API2	Broken Authentication	Policy: OAuth 2.0 (validate-jwt), no plaintext credentials
API3	Broken Object Property Level Authorization	Policy: Validate input/output schemas, mask sensitive fields
API4	Unrestricted Resource Consumption	Policy: rate-limit-by-key (per user/subscription), quota enforcement
API5	Broken Function Level Authorization	Policy: Validate JWT scopes/roles per operation
API6	Unrestricted Access to Sensitive Business Flows	Policy: Advanced rate limiting, CAPTCHA integration
API7	Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF)	Network: VNet Internal mode, Private Link to backends
API8	Security Misconfiguration	Infrastructure: TLS 1.3, disable weak ciphers, NSG rules
API9	Improper Inventory Management	Governance: Azure API Center, version tracking, deprecation
API10	Unsafe Consumption of APIs	Policy: Validate backend responses, timeout policies

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Security Controls Checklist

See references/SECURITY_CONTROLS.md for complete 60+ control checklist across 9 categories

Quick Control Summary

1. Network Security (NS-): VNet Internal, Private Link, NSG, no public IPs
2. Identity & Access (IA-): OAuth 2.0, MFA, PIM, no service accounts
3. Data Protection (DP-): TLS 1.3, Key Vault, no PII in logs
4. Logging & Threat (LT-): App Insights, correlation IDs, SIEM integration
5. Identity Management (IM-): Managed Identity, RBAC, least privilege
6. Recovery (RA-): Backups, zone redundancy, DR plan
7. Governance (GS-): API Center, policy enforcement, compliance
8. Posture (PS-): Azure Policy, Defender for APIs, vulnerability scanning
9. DevSecOps (DV-): APIOps, IaC security, secret scanning

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Important: MCP Tools (ALWAYS Use)

1. Call Security Best Practices FIRST

Tool: mcp_azure_mcp_get_azure_bestpractices
Intent: "Azure API Management security best practices"

2. Search Security Documentation

Tool: mcp_azure_mcp_documentation search
Query: "APIM security best practices OWASP"

3. Query Existing Resources (If Reviewing Deployed Environment)

Tool: azure_resources-query_azure_resource_graph
Intent: "Get API Management instances with network configuration and SKU details"

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Critical Security Validations

1. VNet Internal Mode Validation

Check: APIM instances deployed in VNet Internal mode (no public IP)

// Azure Resource Graph Query
resources
| where type == 'microsoft.apimanagement/service'
| extend vnetType = properties.virtualNetworkType
| where vnetType != 'Internal'
| project name, resourceGroup, location, vnetType, sku=properties.sku.name

Expected: vnetType == 'Internal' for all production APIM instances

Risk if External: Gateway endpoint exposed to public internet, larger attack surface

---

2. Private Link Validation

Check: Azure Front Door connects to APIM via Private Link (not public origin)

Validation Steps:

1. Front Door origin type = Private Link (not Custom or Public)
2. Private Link target = APIM resource ID
3. Private Link status = Approved (not Pending)
4. APIM has no public DNS record resolving to public IP

Risk if Public: Traffic goes over public internet, no zero-trust architecture

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3. Authentication Configuration

Check: APIs use OAuth 2.0 (validate-jwt policy) or subscription keys (not both for sensitive APIs)

Policy Review:

<!-- GOOD: OAuth for sensitive APIs -->
<validate-jwt header-name="Authorization">
    <openid-config url="https://login.microsoftonline.com/{tenant}/..." />
    <required-claims>
        <claim name="scp" match="any">
            <value>api.read</value>
        </claim>
    </required-claims>
</validate-jwt>

<!-- BAD: No authentication -->
<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
        <!-- No validate-jwt or check-header -->
    </inbound>
</policies>

Risk if Missing: Unauthenticated access to sensitive data, API abuse

---

4. Rate Limiting Configuration

Check: All APIs have rate limiting (rate-limit-by-key or quota-by-key)

Policy Review:

<!-- GOOD: Per-user rate limiting -->
<rate-limit-by-key calls="1000" renewal-period="3600" 
                   counter-key="@((string)context.Variables['userId'])" />

<!-- BAD: No rate limiting -->
<policies>
    <inbound>
        <base />
        <!-- No rate-limit-by-key -->
    </inbound>
</policies>

Risk if Missing: API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption, DDoS vulnerability

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5. TLS Configuration

Check: TLS 1.2+ only, no SSL 3.0/TLS 1.0/TLS 1.1

Azure Portal Validation:

• APIM → Security → Protocols → TLS 1.0 Disabled
• APIM → Security → Protocols → TLS 1.1 Disabled
• APIM → Security → Protocols → SSL 3.0 Disabled
• APIM → Security → Ciphers → Weak ciphers Disabled

Risk if Enabled: Vulnerable to BEAST, POODLE, CRIME attacks

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6. Secret Management

Check: All secrets/certificates stored in Azure Key Vault (not in policies or code)

Policy Review:

<!-- GOOD: Secret from Key Vault -->
<set-header name="X-API-Key">
    <value>{{api-backend-key}}</value> <!-- Named value linked to Key Vault -->
</set-header>

<!-- BAD: Hardcoded secret -->
<set-header name="X-API-Key">
    <value>sk-abc123xyz789</value>
</set-header>

Risk if Hardcoded: Secret exposure in logs, code repositories, APIM exports

---

7. CORS Configuration

Check: CORS policies have specific origins (not * wildcard for production)

<!-- GOOD: Specific origins -->
<cors allow-credentials="true">
    <allowed-origins>
        <origin>https://app.example.com</origin>
    </allowed-origins>
</cors>

<!-- Warning: ACCEPTABLE FOR DEV: Wildcard -->
<cors allow-credentials="false">
    <allowed-origins>
        <origin>*</origin>
    </allowed-origins>
</cors>

<!-- BAD: Wildcard with credentials -->
<cors allow-credentials="true">
    <allowed-origins>
        <origin>*</origin> <!-- Security risk! -->
    </allowed-origins>
</cors>

Risk: CSRF attacks, credential theft if misconfigured

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8. Error Response Validation

Check: Error responses don't leak sensitive information (stack traces, internal IPs)

Policy Review:

<!-- GOOD: Generic error -->
<on-error>
    <set-body>@{
        return new JObject(
            new JProperty("error", "Internal server error"),
            new JProperty("correlationId", context.Variables["correlationId"])
        ).ToString();
    }</set-body>
</on-error>

<!-- BAD: Detailed error -->
<on-error>
    <set-body>@{
        return context.LastError.Message; // Might contain stack trace, DB connection strings
    }</set-body>
</on-error>

Risk: Information disclosure (API3, API8)

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Security Review Output Format

When performing security review, structure findings as:

Finding: [Title]

• Severity: Critical | High | Medium | Low
• OWASP Mapping: API1, API4, API8, etc.
• Azure Security Benchmark: NS-1, DP-2, IA-3, etc.
• Current State: What was found
• Risk: Impact if not fixed
• Remediation: Step-by-step fix with code examples
• Microsoft Docs: Link to official guidance
• Priority: Immediate | Before Production | Post-Launch

Example:

Finding: VNet External Mode Detected

• Severity: Critical
• OWASP Mapping: API7 (SSRF), API8 (Security Misconfiguration)
• Azure Security Benchmark: NS-1 (Network Segmentation)
• Current State: APIM instance apim-api-marketplace-prod-uks deployed in VNet External mode with gateway endpoint 10.2.1.4 exposed via public IP
• Risk: Gateway endpoint accessible from public internet, no network isolation, vulnerable to DDoS bypassing Front Door
• Remediation:
  1. Redeploy APIM in VNet Internal mode:

     az apim update --name apim-api-marketplace-prod-uks --resource-group rg-apim-prod-uks \
       --virtual-network-type Internal
     

  2. Update Front Door origin to use Private Link (not public IP)
  3. Verify no public DNS resolution: nslookup apim-api-marketplace-prod-uks.azure-api.net should return internal IP only
• Microsoft Docs: APIM VNet Internal Mode
• Priority: Immediate (block production deployment)

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Azure Security Benchmark Quick Reference

Control ID	Category	Requirement	APIM Implementation
NS-1	Network Segmentation	Isolate workloads	VNet Internal mode
NS-2	Private Connectivity	Private Link/Endpoints	Front Door → APIM Private Link
NS-4	DDoS Protection	Enable DDoS Standard or ingress with DDoS	Front Door Premium (DDoS included)
IA-2	Secure Authentication	OAuth/MFA	validate-jwt with Entra ID
IA-5	MFA Enforcement	Require MFA	Entra ID Conditional Access
DP-1	Data at Rest Encryption	Encrypt sensitive data	Azure Managed Disks encryption
DP-3	Data in Transit Encryption	TLS 1.2+	APIM TLS 1.3, disable weak protocols
DP-4	Encryption Key Management	Azure Key Vault	All secrets in Key Vault
LT-1	Centralized Logging	Log all security events	App Insights, Azure Monitor
LT-4	Audit Logging	Tamper-proof audit trail	Azure Activity Log, diagnostic logs
IM-1	Managed Identities	Avoid service accounts	APIM Managed Identity
IM-3	Least Privilege	RBAC	Custom roles per environment
GS-1	Policy Enforcement	Azure Policy	Require VNet Internal, TLS 1.2+

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Related Skills

• apim-policy-authoring - Review policies created by this skill for security
• azure-apim-architecture - Understand architecture security decisions
• apiops-deployment - Integrate security checks into CI/CD pipeline

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Microsoft Documentation

• APIM Security Best Practices
• OWASP API Security Top 10
• Azure Security Benchmark
• Private Link Security
• APIM VNet Integration

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Skill Version: 1.0
Last Updated: 29 January 2026
Primary Knowledge: SECURITY_CONTROLS_CHECKLIST.md, references/SECURITY_CONTROLS.md