datafusion-ffi

name	datafusion-ffi
description	Patterns and review checklist for the `datafusion-ffi` crate. Use whenever the user adds, edits, or reviews code under `datafusion/ffi/` — new `FFI_X` wrappers, `Foreign<X>` impls, codec changes, or expanding an existing wrapper to cover more of a trait's surface. Also use when reviewing PRs that touch this crate. Use when this capability is needed.
metadata	{"author":"apache"}

DataFusion FFI Skill

This crate exposes a stable C ABI for DataFusion traits so that independently-compiled libraries (different Rust versions, plugins, datafusion-python, etc.) can interoperate at runtime. Stability and correctness here are load-bearing: a missed pattern can cause segfaults, leaks, or silently dropped trait behavior on the consumer side.

Read the crate's README.md first if you have not — it establishes the vocabulary (FFI_X / ForeignX, library_marker_id, release, TaskContextProvider, stabby vs #[repr(C)]).

When to use

Trigger this skill any time the work touches datafusion/ffi/:

• Adding a new FFI_<Trait> + Foreign<Trait> pair
• Adding a method to an existing FFI_X struct
• Reviewing a PR that touches this crate
• Changing the codec / proto serialization layer
• Bumping the wrapped DataFusion trait surface (e.g. a new default method appeared upstream)

Hard rules

1. No datafusion dependency. datafusion-ffi must not depend on the umbrella datafusion crate. Use the leaf crates (datafusion-common, datafusion-expr, datafusion-catalog, datafusion-physical-plan, etc.). datafusion is fine in [dev-dependencies].
2. #[repr(C)] on every FFI_X struct, not #[stabby::stabby]. Stabby is used for SString/SVec only. Reasons documented in the README (build time, Arrow types lack IStable).
3. unsafe extern "C" on every function-pointer field — including version. The one exception is the library_marker_id field, which is plain extern "C" fn() -> usize. Plain (safe) extern "C" also applies to the standalone function defs in src/lib.rs — pub extern "C" fn version() and pub extern "C" fn get_library_marker_id() — which coerce into the unsafe extern "C" version field slot at construction.
4. Match Send/Sync to the wrapped trait. Raw *mut c_void makes every FFI_X !Send + !Sync by default — unsafe impl whichever bounds the consumer-facing trait requires. Most DataFusion traits (TableProvider, ExecutionPlan, all UDFs, codecs) need both. Send-only: RecordBatchStream, Accumulator, GroupsAccumulator, PartitionEvaluator (mutable / stream APIs). The matching ForeignX always carries the same bounds — pick consistently.
5. #![deny(clippy::clone_on_ref_ptr)] is on at the crate root. Use Arc::clone(&x), never x.clone() on Arc.
6. Run before pushing: cargo fmt --all, cargo clippy -p datafusion-ffi --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings, cargo test -p datafusion-ffi.
7. api change label required. Any PR that modifies an FFI_X struct layout (adds/removes/reorders fields, changes a function-pointer signature, adds a variant to an FFI enum, or changes the version extern) must carry the api change GitHub label. Layout changes break ABI for already-compiled consumer libraries. The label is the project-wide convention for highlighting breaking public-API changes in release notes — see docs/source/contributor-guide/api-health.md §"What to do when making breaking API changes?" (step 1 names the label explicitly). Downstream users (e.g. datafusion-python, plugin authors) read the labelled notes to know they must recompile against the new DataFusion major. The version() extern in src/lib.rs returns the major of workspace CARGO_PKG_VERSION; consumers compare it at load time and can refuse mismatched producers. Apply via gh pr edit <num> --add-label "api change" (label name contains a space — must be quoted). When reviewing such a PR, block merge until label present.
8. No FFI struct changes in patch releases. Patch releases ship from branches matching ^branch-\d+$ (e.g. branch-53, branch-52). FFI struct layout changes (anything that would earn rule 7's api change label) must not target a release branch and must not be back-ported. Patch releases are ABI-stable by contract — a consumer compiled against 53.1.0 must keep working against 53.1.1. Before reviewing/approving an FFI PR, check the PR's base branch: if it matches the regex above, or the PR description / labels indicate patch / back-port, reject the FFI struct change and ask the author to retarget main. Bugfixes that do not alter struct layout (e.g. fixing a function-pointer body) are fine to back-port. Quick check: gh pr view <num> --json baseRefName,labels --jq '.baseRefName' then match against ^branch-\d+$. Do not glob-match branch-* — back-port / cherry-pick working branches (e.g. branch-53-cherry-pick-1) also share that prefix but are not release branches; only the strict branch-<digits> form is the freeze target.

The standard wrapper shape

A new FFI_X for trait X must follow this template. Use FFI_CatalogProvider (src/catalog_provider.rs) as the canonical reference — it shows the full shape (codec field, nested FFI types, FFI_Option/FFI_Result returns, Arc-backed PrivateData) without async or capability-flag noise. FFI_TableProvider (src/table_provider.rs) covers async (scan, FFI_SessionRef, FfiFuture) and the one Option<fn> capability flag (supports_filters_pushdown).

1. The FFI_X struct

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct FFI_X {
    some_method: unsafe extern "C" fn(this: &Self, ...) -> FFI_Result<...>,
    optional_method: Option<unsafe extern "C" fn(&Self, ...) -> FFI_Result<...>>,
    pub logical_codec: FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec,

    clone: unsafe extern "C" fn(&Self) -> Self,
    release: unsafe extern "C" fn(&mut Self),
    pub version: unsafe extern "C" fn() -> u64,

    private_data: *mut c_void,
    pub library_marker_id: extern "C" fn() -> usize,
}

unsafe impl Send for FFI_X {}
unsafe impl    {}

Field rules:

• One unsafe extern "C" fn per trait method. Always populate — Arc<dyn Trait> dispatch picks override-or-default at call time, so the producer side gets the right answer without the consumer needing to know. See § "Method coverage".

• Option<fn> is the capability-flag exception, not a template. Crate uses it exactly once: FFI_TableProvider::supports_filters_pushdown. See § "Method coverage".

• Codec field (FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec / FFI_PhysicalExtensionCodec) only if the trait moves Exprs / LogicalPlans / ExecutionPlans across the boundary.

• Method function pointers are private by default. Mark pub only if a downstream library needs to invoke them directly (rare — typically only version, library_marker_id, embedded codecs are pub).

• version: super::version is mandatory. Consumers gate compatibility on it.

• library_marker_id: crate::get_library_marker_id is mandatory when the wrapper uses the standard ForeignX adapter pattern. Two flavors exist:

  • Arc-backed (immutable / shareable traits — TableProvider, ExecutionPlan, all UDFs, codecs): consumer-side From<&FFI_X> for Arc<dyn X> consults the marker to choose Arc::clone(inner) vs Arc::new(ForeignX(...)).
  • Box-backed (mutable / move-only traits — Accumulator, GroupsAccumulator, PartitionEvaluator): consumer-side From<FFI_X> for Box<dyn X> consults the marker to take the inner Box directly vs Box::new(ForeignX(...)). Producer-side From<Box<dyn X>> for FFI_X also uses an is::<ForeignX>() downcast as an additional re-wrap bypass; the marker check covers the reverse direction.

  The field is dead ABI surface — and must be omitted with a one-line module-doc rationale — only when flavor applies: no adapter, no reverse , and the trait is impl'd directly on . Canonical example: ( at , no , no reverse ).

2. PrivateData shape

Default — for read-only, shareable traits — use Arc:

struct XPrivateData {
    inner: Arc<dyn X>,
    runtime: Option<Handle>, // include when any async method exists
}

For traits that require &mut self (e.g. Accumulator, GroupsAccumulator, PartitionEvaluator), use Box<dyn X>:

struct XPrivateData {
    inner: Box<dyn X>,
    runtime: Option<Handle>, // include when any async method exists
}

A Box-backed FFI_X cannot implement Clone; document this and skip the clone function pointer, or hand-write a release path that distinguishes producer vs consumer side. Canonical example: FFI_Accumulator in src/udaf/accumulator.rs. See also FFI_GroupsAccumulator (src/udaf/groups_accumulator.rs) and FFI_PartitionEvaluator (src/udwf/partition_evaluator.rs).

3. Function-pointer wrappers

Naming convention: <method>_fn_wrapper.

unsafe extern "C" fn some_method_fn_wrapper(this: &FFI_X, ...) -> FFI_Result<T> {
    // 1. Recover inner via this.inner()
    // 2. Translate FFI types → native types
    // 3. Call native method
    // 4. Translate native Result → FFI_Result via sresult_return! or .into()
}

4. clone / release / Drop

unsafe extern "C" fn clone_fn_wrapper(this: &FFI_X) -> FFI_X { /* re-Box new private_data, copy fn ptrs */ }

unsafe extern "C" fn release_fn_wrapper(this: &mut FFI_X) {
    unsafe {
        debug_assert!(!this.private_data.is_null());
        drop(Box::from_raw(this.private_data as *mut XPrivateData));
        this.private_data = std::ptr::null_mut();
    }
}

impl Drop for FFI_X { fn drop(&mut self) { unsafe { (self.release)(self) } } }
impl Clone for FFI_X { fn clone(&self) -> Self { unsafe { (self.clone)(self) } } }

release must null private_data so a double-free debug-asserts loudly.

5. Constructor split

impl FFI_X {
    pub fn new(inner: Arc<dyn X>, runtime: Option<Handle>,
               task_ctx_provider: impl Into<FFI_TaskContextProvider>,
               logical_codec: Option<Arc<dyn LogicalExtensionCodec>>) -> Self {
        // build FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec from defaults, then forward
        Self::new_with_ffi_codec(inner, runtime, ffi_codec)
    }

    pub fn new_with_ffi_codec(inner: Arc<dyn X>, runtime: Option<Handle>,
                              logical_codec: FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec) -> Self {
        // Round-trip downcast: if inner is already a ForeignX, return its FFI directly.
        if let Some(foreign) = inner.downcast_ref::<ForeignX>() {
            return foreign.0.clone();
        }
        // …allocate XPrivateData and populate fn ptrs…
    }
}

The round-trip downcast is mandatory — without it, repeated FFI hops nest ForeignX(FFI_X(ForeignX(...))) and you pay the boundary cost every layer.

6. The Foreign<X> consumer

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ForeignX(pub FFI_X);
unsafe impl Send for ForeignX {}
unsafe impl Sync for ForeignX {}

impl From<&FFI_X> for Arc<dyn X> {
    fn from(p: &FFI_X) -> Self {
        if (p.library_marker_id)() == crate::get_library_marker_id() {
            Arc::clone(unsafe { p.inner() })
        } else {
            Arc::new(ForeignX(p.clone()))
        }
    }
}

impl X for ForeignX { /* call each fn pointer, translate types back */ }

The marker-id check is mandatory for every From<&FFI_X> for Arc<dyn X>. Skipping it breaks the local-bypass optimization and forces the producer's data through serialization.

7. Tests

The crate has two distinct test surfaces and a new wrapper usually needs entries in both. They are not interchangeable; they catch different classes of bug.

a. In-process unit tests (#[cfg(test)] mod tests inside src/<mod>.rs)

Run on every cargo test -p datafusion-ffi. Producer and consumer live in the same compilation unit, so library_marker_id returns the same value on both sides. To force the foreign path you must override the marker:

let mut ffi_x = FFI_X::new(provider, …);
ffi_x.library_marker_id = crate::mock_foreign_marker_id; // forces the ForeignX branch
let arc: Arc<dyn X> = (&ffi_x).into();
assert!(arc.downcast_ref::<ForeignX>().is_some());

Every wrapper must include at minimum:

• A local-bypass test — build FFI_X from a concrete native type, convert to Arc<dyn X>, downcast_ref::<ConcreteType>() must succeed.
• A forced-foreign test — set library_marker_id = crate::mock_foreign_marker_id, convert, downcast_ref::<ForeignX>() must succeed, then exercise every method end-to-end.

Templates: test_ffi_table_provider_local_bypass and test_round_trip_ffi_table_provider_scan in src/table_provider.rs.

What unit tests catch: Rust-level correctness (translation logic, lifetime bugs, leaks under valgrind/miri, Send/Sync, error propagation, codec round-trips). What they cannot catch: real ABI bugs. Both producer and consumer share #[repr(C)] layout because they are the exact same struct definition in memory.

b. Cross-library integration tests (tests/ffi_*.rs, gated by the integration-tests feature)

The crate is published as crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]. The integration tests in datafusion/ffi/tests/ use libloading to dlopen the crate's own cdylib and call datafusion_ffi_get_module — a #[unsafe(no_mangle)] extern "C" entry point defined in src/tests/mod.rs and gated by #[cfg(feature = "integration-tests")]. The test executable links against the rlib (consumer side); the dlopen'd cdylib is the producer side. Even though both are built from the same source, they are independent compilation outputs going through the actual FFI symbol path.

Run with:

cargo test -p datafusion-ffi --features integration-tests

To add coverage for a new wrapper:

1. Add a constructor in src/tests/<area>.rs (or a new file there). Return a populated FFI_X from a known-good native type.
2. Wire it into ForeignLibraryModule in src/tests/mod.rs: add a field of type extern "C" fn(...) -> FFI_X and populate it in datafusion_ffi_get_module. This struct is the cross-library contract — adding a field is itself an ABI change for the test module; integration tests will rebuild the cdylib automatically.
3. Add the test in tests/ffi_<area>.rs under #[cfg(feature = "integration-tests")] mod tests { … }. Call datafusion_ffi::tests::utils::get_module() to load the cdylib, invoke your constructor through the returned ForeignLibraryModule, convert into Arc<dyn X>, and exercise every method.

What integration tests catch that unit tests cannot:

• Real ABI layout bugs. Two builds means the consumer's view of FFI_X is reconstructed from declaration, not aliased to the producer's memory. Mismatched alignment, padding, niche optimization, or accidentally non-#[repr(C)] types surface here.
• Symbol visibility / no_mangle issues.
• library_marker_id correctness without mocking — the two libraries genuinely have different statics, so the foreign branch is taken for real.
• Drop / leak ordering when the producer side is in a dlopen'd image.

Which tests does my change need?

Change	Unit	Integration
New FFI_X wrapper	Yes	Yes
New method on existing FFI_X	Yes	Yes if the method takes/returns a non-trivial FFI type. See note below.
Bugfix to a wrapper body, no signature change	Yes	Only if reproducing the bug requires cross-library symbol lookup or dlopen semantics
Layout change (#[repr(C)] field add/remove/reorder, fn-ptr sig)	Yes	Mandatory — this is exactly the bug class integration tests exist for
New From<X> for FFI_X or codec change	Yes	Yes if the codec is exercised by the cross-library round-trip

"Non-trivial FFI type" for the table above — anything other than:

• Primitives (u8/u64/bool/usize, etc.) and #[repr(u8)] FFI enums (FFI_TableType, Volatility, InsertOp, TableProviderFilterPushDown).
• A stabby::string::String (SString) returned by value, with no other args or returns.

Concrete skippable example: fn name(&self) -> SString reading a field already validated by another method. Concrete non-skippable examples: anything returning SVec<T>, FFI_Option<T>, FFI_Result<T>, WrappedSchema, WrappedArray, an FfiFuture, an FFI_* sub-struct, or any *mut/*const pointer — those exercise alignment / padding / niche-opt across the ABI boundary and need the two-build coverage. When unsure, write the integration test; the cost is one constructor + ~20 lines.

If you skip the integration test for a layout change, you have effectively shipped untested ABI.

Method coverage — the silent-default gap

This is the area where the crate currently has real holes. When the wrapped trait has methods with default implementations, those defaults are typically the trait's "no-op / unsupported" answer (None, false, Unsupported, not_impl_err!()). If the producer overrides a default but the FFI struct does not carry a function pointer for it, the consumer's Foreign<X> falls back to the trait default — silently losing the override. The producer thinks it implemented delete_from; the consumer behaves as if it never did.

Rule

When adding or auditing an FFI_X, enumerate every method on the wrapped trait, including defaulted ones, and for each one decide:

Category	Action
Required method (no default)	Mandatory unsafe extern "C" fn field.
Defaulted, plausible override (statistics, distribution, ordering, simplify, DML, …)	Mandatory unsafe extern "C" fn field — same as a required method. The wrapper body calls inner.method(...) and Arc<dyn Trait> dispatch picks override-or-default for free.
Defaulted, deprecated or vestigial	Document the skip in a // FFI omitted: … comment.
Defaulted, derived purely from other methods already plumbed	Skip — but call out the derivation in a comment.

Do not use Option<fn> just because the underlying trait has a default. Arc<dyn Trait> erases override-vs-default info, so the producer side cannot know whether to populate the slot. Always plumb the fn pointer; the wrapper body invokes the trait method and dynamic dispatch does the right thing.

Option<fn> is used exactly once in the crate today: FFI_TableProvider::supports_filters_pushdown, gated by the can_support_pushdown_filters: bool argument to FFI_TableProvider::new. It is an exception, not a template. Reach for it only when (a) the producer's constructor takes an explicit capability flag and (b) skipping the FFI call is meaningfully cheaper than letting the trait default run on the producer side. Otherwise plumb the fn pointer unconditionally.

Known gaps to close

Tracked gaps live on GitHub under the ffi label — that query is the source of truth and stays current as issues are filed or closed. Treat new PRs in those areas as opportunities to fix the listed methods; treat new wrappers as required to avoid creating more. Each open issue names the specific wrapper, the missing methods, and the severity.

Quick CLI list:

gh issue list --repo apache/datafusion --label ffi --state open --limit 50

Common severity classes seen on the label today:

• DML / optimizer-relevant defaults silently lost — e.g. delete_from/update/truncate on table providers, distribution / ordering / pushdown on execution plans, value_from_stats on aggregates. These demote producer capability on the foreign side.
• SQL surface area silently absent — naming hooks (display_name, schema_name, documentation), null-handling and within-group clauses on UDAFs, etc.
• Performance regressions, not correctness — e.g. memoize on partition evaluators.
• Open design questions — none currently tracked. (Historical entry: whether FFI_RecordBatchStream needs library_marker_id — resolved no, it impls the trait directly on FFI_X with no Foreign adapter and no reverse From, so the marker has no consultation site. See library_marker_id rule in §"Method coverage".)

When in doubt, open the label query; do not assume the list above is exhaustive. Wrappers without an open issue are not certified complete — re-enumerate the trait surface (see "How to audit a wrapper's coverage" below) whenever you audit one; upstream trait drift can introduce new defaulted methods at any time and silently re-open the silent-override-loss bug class.

Conversely, an open issue under the ffi label is a claim of a gap, not proof of one. Past audits have filed false positives by enumerating gaps from memory rather than from current source (e.g. #22335 claimed size missing on FFI_GroupsAccumulator when it had been plumbed since PR #14775). Before acting on a listed gap — opening a fix PR, re-citing it in a new audit, or extending the list — run the dual-grep audit below and confirm the field is actually absent. If the issue is a false positive, close it as not planned, link the file:line of the existing plumbing, and remove the corresponding bullet from this skill.

When closing a gap, add the fn pointer unconditionally — the wrapper body calls the trait method on the inner Arc<dyn Trait> and Rust's dynamic dispatch picks the producer's override or falls back to the default. Use Option<fn> only when the new method also gains a corresponding capability flag on the producer's new(). Either way the layout changes, so the PR is an ABI break: mark api change, do not back-port to branch-<major>, and the workspace major bump in the next release makes the version() extern surface the change to consumers at load time.

How to audit a wrapper's coverage

Every audit — opening an issue, filing a fix PR, or re-confirming a listed gap — must compare two sides drawn from current source. Never enumerate either side from memory or from a prior audit; trait surface and FFI struct both drift.

Side A — trait defaults (what could go missing):

# Find the trait definition
grep -rn "pub trait X" datafusion/ --include='*.rs'

# Inspect for `fn method(...) { default_body }` — the body marks it as a default

Side B — FFI wrapper coverage (what is already plumbed):

# List every fn-pointer field on the FFI struct
grep -nE 'pub [a-z_]+: (unsafe )?extern "C" fn' datafusion/ffi/src/.../X.rs

Diff Side A against Side B. Any claim of a gap — in an issue body, audit summary, or PR description — must cite file:line for both the trait default and the FFI struct line where the field is (or is not). An issue body with only one side cited is incomplete and likely a false positive; reject it pending a re-grep.

If a method's body is non-trivial, the consumer-side default is non-trivial too. Decide explicitly whether the FFI should let the consumer recompute the same default, or whether the producer's override is what should travel.

Type-bridging conventions

• Strings / vecs crossing the boundary: stabby::string::String as SString, stabby::vec::Vec as SVec. Native conversion is Vec::into_iter().collect::<SVec<_>>() and back.
• Optional / fallible values: use this crate's FFI_Option<T> and FFI_Result<T> (src/ffi_option.rs), not stabby's, because ours do not require T: IStable.
• Schema / arrays: WrappedSchema (src/arrow_wrappers.rs) wraps FFI_ArrowSchema. Never expose FFI_ArrowSchema directly.
• Logical Expr / LogicalPlan: serialize via datafusion-proto using the embedded FFI_LogicalExtensionCodec. Same for physical plans → FFI_PhysicalExtensionCodec.
• Enums (Volatility, TableType, InsertOp, TableProviderFilterPushDown): #[repr(u8)], with From<Native> for FFI_X and From<&FFI_X> for Native. Always write a round-trip unit test that exercises every variant.
• Errors: every FFI_X method that can fail returns FFI_Result<T>. Use the sresult!, sresult_return!, df_result! macros from src/util.rs — do not roll your own.

Async, sessions, and task context

• Any async method becomes unsafe extern "C" fn(...) -> FfiFuture<FFI_Result<T>>. The wrapper body uses async move { ... }.into_ffi(). Store Option<tokio::runtime::Handle> in PrivateData so the producer side can re-enter its own runtime if needed.
• Methods taking &dyn Session cross the boundary as FFI_SessionRef. On the consumer side, try session.as_local() first; only construct a ForeignSession::try_from(&session) if that returns None. See scan_fn_wrapper in src/table_provider.rs.
• Anything that needs to deserialize an Expr / LogicalPlan needs a TaskContext. Threading a fresh TaskContext per call is wrong because new UDFs may have been registered since construction. Use FFI_TaskContextProvider (src/execution/task_ctx_provider.rs), which holds a Weak ref to a TaskContextProvider. If the weak ref is dead at call time, return a clear error — do not panic.

Memory model checklist for every new FFI_X

• private_data is Box::into_raw-ed exactly once at construction.
• Every constructor path (including clone_fn_wrapper) allocates a fresh Box for its own private_data.
• release_fn_wrapper Box::from_raws it and nulls the pointer.
• Drop calls release.
• No method touches private_data directly outside the producer side. Consumer-side methods on ForeignX use only the function pointers.
• library_marker_id and version are populated in every constructor (including clone).
• No method dereferences a pointer it did not check for nullness (debug-assert at minimum).

Quick PR-review checklist

When reviewing a PR that touches datafusion/ffi/:

1. Trait coverage. Pull up the underlying trait. List its methods. Confirm every non-defaulted method has a function pointer. For each defaulted method, ask whether a real-world producer would override it — if yes, the PR must either plumb it through as a plain unsafe extern "C" fn (let dynamic dispatch on Arc<dyn Trait> pick override-or-default) or explicitly justify the omission in a comment. Reserve Option<fn> for the capability-flag pattern described in §"Method coverage" — do not use it just because the trait has a default.
2. Layout fields. clone, release, version, private_data all present? library_marker_id present iff wrapper has a ForeignX adapter and a reverse From<&?FFI_X> for {Arc,Box}<dyn X> consultation site (Arc-backed for shareable traits, Box-backed for &mut self traits); if the trait is impl'd directly on FFI_X (no ForeignX, no reverse From), library_marker_id is dead surface and must be omitted with a one-line rationale.
3. Marker-id bypass in From<&FFI_X> (where applicable per rule 2)?
4. Round-trip downcast in the constructor?
5. Drop calling release, and release nulling the pointer?
6. Send/Sync unsafe impls match the wrapped trait's bounds (rule 4), and FFI_X + ForeignX agree?
7. Stabby types for strings/vecs; crate-local FFI_Option/FFI_Result for optional/fallible payloads?
8. Async uses FfiFuture + .into_ffi(), never blocking?
9. Codec present on any method that ships an Expr / plan?
10. Unit tests include both local-bypass and mock_foreign_marker_id forced-foreign cases? Integration tests in tests/ffi_*.rs exist for any wrapper that takes/returns non-trivial FFI types, and for every layout change? must pass before merging an ABI-affecting PR.

References

• Crate README: datafusion/ffi/README.md — vocabulary + memory-model rationale.
• Canonical wrapper to model after: src/catalog_provider.rs. Async + capability-flag variants: src/table_provider.rs.
• Mutable-trait variant: src/udaf/accumulator.rs (Box<dyn Accumulator>).
• Optional-method pattern: FFI_TableProvider::supports_filters_pushdown.
• Codec wiring: src/proto/logical_extension_codec.rs, src/proto/physical_extension_codec.rs.
• Examples crate: datafusion-examples/examples/ffi (end-to-end producer + consumer).

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Source: apache/datafusion — distributed by TomeVault.