| compute | Vercel Functions, Supabase database, edge workers | reduce invocations, optimize cold starts, right-size memory |
| bandwidth | Fast Origin Transfer, database egress, CDN transfer | caching, compression, image optimization, SSG |
| storage | Supabase storage, R2, S3, blob stores | lifecycle policies, compression, deduplication |
| per-request | ISR writes/reads, API calls, email sends | batching, caching, debouncing, on-demand invalidation |
| subscriptions | Pro plans, seats, add-ons | right-size plan tier, remove unused seats/add-ons |
| transaction fees | Stripe processing, dispute fees | volume negotiation, reduce disputes, batch payouts |
| AI tokens | Claude API, OpenAI API, fine-tuning, self-hosted GPU inference | prompt caching, model routing, batch API, shorter prompts, spot/reserved GPU capacity |
| cloud commitments | AWS Savings Plans/RIs, GCP CUDs, Azure Reservations | commit only against a verified stable usage floor, layer flexible + rigid instruments, never commit mid-migration |
| K8s cluster cost | shared node pools, control plane, storage, load balancers | namespace/label cost allocation (OpenCost/Kubecost), request-vs-usage rightsizing |