e2e-testing

name	e2e-testing
description	Playwright E2E 测试模式、页面对象模型（POM）、配置、CI/CD 集成、产物管理以及不稳定测试（flaky test）策略。
origin	ECC

端到端（E2E）测试模式

构建稳定、快速且易于维护的端到端（E2E）测试套件的全面 Playwright 模式。

测试文件组织

tests/
├── e2e/
│   ├── auth/
│   │   ├── login.spec.ts
│   │   ├── logout.spec.ts
│   │   └── register.spec.ts
│   ├── features/
│   │   ├── browse.spec.ts
│   │   ├── search.spec.ts
│   │   └── create.spec.ts
│   └── api/
│       └── endpoints.spec.ts
├── fixtures/
│   ├── auth.ts
│   └── data.ts
└── playwright.config.ts

页面对象模型（POM）

import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test'

export class ItemsPage {
  readonly page: Page
  readonly searchInput: Locator
  readonly itemCards: Locator
  readonly createButton: Locator

  constructor(page: Page) {
    this.page = page
    this.searchInput = page.locator('[data-testid="search-input"]')
    this.itemCards = page.locator('[data-testid="item-card"]')
    this.createButton = page.locator('[data-testid="create-btn"]')
  }

  async goto() {
    await this.page.goto('/items')
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async search(query: string) {
    await this.searchInput.fill(query)
    await this.page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/search'))
    await this.page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
  }

  async getItemCount() {
    return await this.itemCards.count()
  }
}

测试结构

import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
import { ItemsPage } from '../../pages/ItemsPage'

test.describe('Item Search', () => {
  let itemsPage: ItemsPage

  test.beforeEach(async ({ page }) => {
    itemsPage = new ItemsPage(page)
    await itemsPage.goto()
  })

  test('should search by keyword', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('test')

    const count = await itemsPage.getItemCount()
    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)

    await expect(itemsPage.itemCards.first()).toContainText(/test/i)
    await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/search-results.png' })
  })

  test('should handle no results', async ({ page }) => {
    await itemsPage.search('xyznonexistent123')

    await (page.()).()
    ( itemsPage.()).()
  })
})

Playwright 配置

import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'

export default defineConfig({
  testDir: './tests/e2e',
  fullyParallel: true,
  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
  reporter: [
    ['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }],
    ['junit', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.xml' }],
    ['json', { outputFile: 'playwright-results.json' }]
  ],
  use: {
    baseURL: process.env.BASE_URL || 'http://localhost:3000',
    trace: 'on-first-retry',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
    actionTimeout: 10000,
    navigationTimeout: 30000,
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices[] } },
    { : , : { ...devices[] } },
    { : , : { ...devices[] } },
    { : , : { ...devices[] } },
  ],
  : {
    : ,
    : ,
    : !process..,
    : ,
  },
})

不稳定测试（Flaky Test）处理模式

隔离（Quarantine）

test('flaky: complex search', async ({ page }) => {
  test.fixme(true, 'Flaky - Issue #123')
  // 测试代码...
})

test('conditional skip', async ({ page }) => {
  test.skip(process.env.CI, 'Flaky in CI - Issue #123')
  // 测试代码...
})

识别不稳定性

npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --repeat-each=10
npx playwright test tests/search.spec.ts --retries=3

常见原因与修复

竞态条件（Race conditions）：

// 错误做法：假设元素已就绪
await page.click('[data-testid="button"]')

// 正确做法：使用具有自动等待能力的定位器（locator）
await page.locator('[data-testid="button"]').click()

网络时机（Network timing）：

// 错误做法：使用任意等待时间
await page.waitForTimeout(5000)

// 正确做法：等待特定条件
await page.waitForResponse(resp => resp.url().includes('/api/data'))

动画时机（Animation timing）：

// 错误做法：在动画进行时点击
await page.click('[data-testid="menu-item"]')

// 正确做法：等待稳定
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').waitFor({ state: 'visible' })
await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
await page.locator('[data-testid="menu-item"]').click()

产物管理（Artifact Management）

屏幕截图

await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/after-login.png' })
await page.screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/full-page.png', fullPage: true })
await page.locator('[data-testid="chart"]').screenshot({ path: 'artifacts/chart.png' })

追踪（Traces）

await browser.startTracing(page, {
  path: 'artifacts/trace.json',
  screenshots: true,
  snapshots: true,
})
// ... 测试操作 ...
await browser.stopTracing()

视频

// 在 playwright.config.ts 中配置
use: {
  video: 'retain-on-failure',
  videosPath: 'artifacts/videos/'
}

CI/CD 集成

# .github/workflows/e2e.yml
name: E2E Tests
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with:
          node-version: 20
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx playwright install --with-deps
      - run: npx playwright test
        env:
          BASE_URL: ${{ vars.STAGING_URL }}
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        if: always()
        with:
          name: playwright-report
          path: playwright-report/
          retention-days: 30

测试报告模板

# E2E 测试报告

**日期：** YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM
**耗时：** Xm Ys
**状态：** 通过 (PASSING) / 失败 (FAILING)

## 概览
- 总计：X | 通过：Y (Z%) | 失败：A | 不稳定：B | 已跳过：C

## 失败的测试

### test-name
**文件：** `tests/e2e/feature.spec.ts:45`
**错误：** 预期元素可见但实际不可见
**截图：** artifacts/failed.png
**建议修复：** [说明]

## 产物
- HTML 报告：playwright-report/index.html
- 屏幕截图：artifacts/*.png
- 视频：artifacts/videos/*.webm
- 追踪文件：artifacts/*.zip

钱包 / Web3 测试

test('wallet connection', async ({ page, context }) => {
  // 模拟钱包提供者（Mock wallet provider）
  await context.addInitScript(() => {
    window.ethereum = {
      isMetaMask: true,
      request: async ({ method }) => {
        if (method === 'eth_requestAccounts')
          return ['0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890']
        if (method === 'eth_chainId') return '0x1'
      }
    }
  })

  await page.goto('/')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="connect-wallet"]').click()
  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="wallet-address"]')).toContainText('0x1234')
})

金融 / 关键流程测试

test('trade execution', async ({ page }) => {
  // 在生产环境跳过 —— 真实资金
  test.skip(process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', 'Skip on production')

  await page.goto('/markets/test-market')
  await page.locator('[data-testid="position-yes"]').click()
  await page.locator('[data-testid="trade-amount"]').fill('1.0')

  // 验证预览
  const preview = page.locator('[data-testid="trade-preview"]')
  await expect(preview).toContainText('1.0')

  // 确认并等待区块链响应
  await page.locator('[data-testid="confirm-trade"]').click()
  await page.waitForResponse(
    resp => resp.url().includes('/api/trade') && resp.status() === 200,
    { timeout: 30000 }
  )

  await expect(page.locator('[data-testid="trade-success"]')).()
})