| name | auth-implementation |
| description | 实现认证和鉴权时使用。覆盖 Spring Security / NestJS Guards / Django Auth / FastAPI Depends / Passport / Auth0 集成。融合 OAuth 2.1 + JWT + RBAC + 中间件实现。 |
认证鉴权实现(Auth Implementation)
参考来源:OAuth 2.1 IETF Draft、RFC 7519 JWT、OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet、各框架 Security 文档、Stripe / GitHub Auth 实现。
适用场景
- 用户登录 / 注册
- JWT / Session 管理
- OAuth 2.0 集成(社交登录)
- RBAC / ABAC 鉴权中间件
- 资源归属校验(不能改别人的数据)
- 字段级权限(不同角色看不同字段)
- 多租户隔离
核心原则
1. 认证 vs 鉴权
认证(Authentication):你是谁
鉴权(Authorization):你能做什么
2. 不自己写加密
用框架 / 标准库的 password hashing
3. JWT 必须有过期时间
Access Token:5~15 分钟
Refresh Token:7~30 天
4. Token 不放 URL
日志 / 缓存 / 浏览器历史会泄露
5. Refresh Token 必须可撤销
存储到 DB,不能纯无状态
6. 资源归属必查
认证通过 ≠ 有权限改这条数据
7. 字段级权限按角色筛选响应
不靠前端隐藏
8. 多租户三层防御
应用层 + DB RLS + 测试
密码哈希
推荐:
- bcrypt(最常用)
- argon2id(最新最强,OWASP 推荐)
- scrypt
成本因子(2026 推荐):
bcrypt: cost = 12
argon2id: time=3, memory=64MB, parallelism=4
绝不:
❌ MD5
❌ SHA1 / SHA256(无 salt)
❌ 自己组合
@Bean
public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder(12);
}
String hash = passwordEncoder.encode(rawPassword);
boolean matches = passwordEncoder.matches(rawPassword, hash);
import bcrypt from 'bcrypt';
const hash = await bcrypt.hash(password, 12);
const matches = await bcrypt.compare(password, hash);
import argon2 from 'argon2';
const hash = await argon2.hash(password, { type: argon2.argon2id });
const matches = await argon2.verify(hash, password);
from passlib.context import CryptContext
pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=['argon2', 'bcrypt'], deprecated='auto')
hash = pwd_context.hash(password)
matches = pwd_context.verify(password, hash)
JWT 实现
Spring Security + JWT
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {
@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
return http
.csrf(csrf -> csrf.disable())
.sessionManagement(s -> s.sessionCreationPolicy(STATELESS))
.authorizeHttpRequests(auth -> auth
.requestMatchers("/api/auth/**").permitAll()
.requestMatchers("/api/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")
.anyRequest().authenticated())
.oauth2ResourceServer(o -> o.jwt(jwt ->
jwt.jwtAuthenticationConverter(jwtAuthConverter())))
.build();
}
@Bean
public JwtDecoder jwtDecoder() {
return NimbusJwtDecoder.withSecretKey(secretKey()).build();
}
}
@Service
public class JwtService {
public String generateAccessToken(UserDetails user) {
return Jwts.builder()
.setSubject(user.getUsername())
.claim("roles", user.getAuthorities())
.claim("tenant_id", user.getTenantId())
.setIssuedAt(new Date())
.setExpiration(Date.from(Instant.now().plus(15, ChronoUnit.MINUTES)))
.signWith(secretKey, SignatureAlgorithm.HS256)
.compact();
}
}
NestJS + Passport JWT
@Module({
imports: [
PassportModule,
JwtModule.register({
secret: process.env.JWT_SECRET,
signOptions: { expiresIn: '15m' },
}),
],
providers: [AuthService, JwtStrategy],
})
export class AuthModule {}
@Injectable()
export class JwtStrategy extends PassportStrategy(Strategy) {
constructor(private configService: ConfigService) {
super({
jwtFromRequest: ExtractJwt.fromAuthHeaderAsBearerToken(),
ignoreExpiration: false,
secretOrKey: configService.get('JWT_SECRET'),
});
}
async validate(payload: any) {
return {
userId: payload.sub,
email: payload.email,
roles: payload.roles,
tenantId: payload.tenant_id,
};
}
}
@Controller('orders')
@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard)
export class OrderController {
@Get(':id')
async get(@Param('id') id: number, @CurrentUser() user: User) {
return this.orderService.getOrder(id, user);
}
}
@Injectable()
export class RolesGuard implements CanActivate {
constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {}
canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
const requiredRoles = this.reflector.getAllAndOverride<string[]>('roles', [
context.getHandler(),
context.getClass(),
]);
if (!requiredRoles) return true;
const { user } = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
return requiredRoles.some(role => user.roles?.includes(role));
}
}
export const Roles = (...roles: string[]) => SetMetadata('roles', roles);
@Get('admin')
@Roles('admin')
async adminOnly() { ... }
Django Auth
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework_simplejwt.authentication.JWTAuthentication',
],
'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': ['rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated'],
}
class IsResourceOwner(permissions.BasePermission):
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
return obj.user_id == request.user.id
class OrderViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsResourceOwner]
def get_queryset(self):
return Order.objects.filter(tenant_id=self.request.user.tenant_id)
FastAPI
from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer
from jose import jwt, JWTError
oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl='token')
async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
try:
payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=['HS256'])
user_id = payload.get('sub')
if user_id is None:
raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
except JWTError:
raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
user = await get_user_by_id(user_id)
if user is None:
raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
return user
async def require_admin(user = Depends(get_current_user)):
if 'admin' not in user.roles:
raise HTTPException(status_code=403)
return user
@app.get('/orders/{id}')
async def get_order(id: int, user = Depends(get_current_user)):
return await order_service.get(id, user)
@app.delete('/users/{id}')
async def delete_user(id: int, user = Depends(require_admin)):
return await user_service.delete(id)
OAuth 2.0 集成
授权码流程(Authorization Code + PKCE)
1. 用户点"用 Google 登录"
2. 后端生成 state + code_verifier
3. 重定向到 Google
https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth
?client_id=...
&redirect_uri=...
&response_type=code
&scope=openid email profile
&state=...
&code_challenge=...
&code_challenge_method=S256
4. 用户授权后 Google 重定向回
/callback?code=xxx&state=xxx
5. 后端校验 state,用 code 换 access_token
6. 用 access_token 拿用户信息
7. 创建本地用户 + 生成 JWT
NestJS OAuth
@Injectable()
export class GoogleStrategy extends PassportStrategy(Strategy, 'google') {
constructor() {
super({
clientID: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID,
clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET,
callbackURL: process.env.GOOGLE_CALLBACK_URL,
scope: ['email', 'profile'],
});
}
async validate(accessToken, refreshToken, profile, done) {
const { id, emails, displayName } = profile;
let user = await this.userService.findByOauthId('google', id);
if (!user) {
user = await this.userService.createFromOauth({
provider: 'google',
oauthId: id,
email: emails[0].value,
name: displayName,
});
}
done(null, user);
}
}
RBAC 实现
模型
CREATE TABLE roles (id, name);
CREATE TABLE permissions (id, resource, action);
CREATE TABLE role_permissions (role_id, permission_id);
CREATE TABLE user_roles (user_id, role_id);
Casbin 通用方案(多语言支持)
import casbin
enforcer = casbin.Enforcer('rbac_model.conf', 'rbac_policy.csv')
if enforcer.enforce(user_id, 'orders', 'read'):
# rbac_model.conf
[request_definition]
r = sub, obj, act
[policy_definition]
p = sub, obj, act
[role_definition]
g = _, _
[policy_effect]
e = some(where (p.eft == allow))
[matchers]
m = g(r.sub, p.sub) && r.obj == p.obj && r.act == p.act
# rbac_policy.csv
p, admin, orders, read
p, admin, orders, write
p, manager, orders, read
g, alice, admin
g, bob, manager
资源归属校验(必做)
@Injectable()
export class ResourceOwnerGuard implements CanActivate {
canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
const user = request.user;
const orderId = request.params.id;
const order = await this.orderRepo.findById(orderId);
if (!order) throw new NotFoundException();
if (!user.roles.includes('admin') && order.userId !== user.userId) {
throw new ForbiddenException();
}
return true;
}
}
字段级权限
export class UserResponseDto {
id: number;
email: string;
name: string;
@Expose({ groups: ['admin'] })
ipAddress?: string;
@Expose({ groups: ['admin'] })
riskScore?: number;
}
const dto = plainToClass(UserResponseDto, user, {
groups: user.roles.includes('admin') ? ['admin'] : [],
});
多租户隔离
@Injectable()
export class TenantMiddleware implements NestMiddleware {
use(req, res, next) {
req.tenantId = req.user?.tenantId;
if (!req.tenantId) throw new UnauthorizedException();
next();
}
}
@EventSubscriber()
export class TenantSubscriber implements EntitySubscriberInterface {
beforeQuery(event: any) {
const tenantId = AsyncLocalStorage.get('tenantId');
if (event.entityClass && tenantId) {
event.queryBuilder.andWhere('entity.tenantId = :tenantId', { tenantId });
}
}
}
工作流程
1. 选定认证方式
- JWT(无状态)/ Session(有状态)
- OAuth(第三方登录)
2. 实现密码哈希(bcrypt / argon2)
3. 实现 JWT
- Access Token(短)
- Refresh Token(长,可撤销)
- 包含必要 claims(user_id, roles, tenant_id)
4. 实现认证中间件
- 解析 Token
- 注入 user 到 context
5. 实现鉴权
- 角色检查(@Roles)
- 资源归属检查
- 字段级权限(响应序列化)
6. 多租户隔离
- 三层防御
7. 测试
- 越权用例
- 跨租户用例
- Token 过期 / 篡改
8. 安全自检
- 密码强度
- HTTPS 强制
- CSRF 防护
- CORS 配置
配套模板
templates/auth-implementation-checklist.md — 认证 + JWT + 鉴权 + 多租户 + 安全自检完整清单
质量自检
□ 密码用 bcrypt / argon2(不自创)
□ JWT 有过期时间
□ Refresh Token 可撤销
□ Token 不放 URL
□ HTTPS 强制
□ 鉴权三层(认证 + 角色 + 资源归属)
□ 字段级权限(响应序列化)
□ 多租户隔离三层
□ 越权测试覆盖
□ 跨租户测试覆盖
□ 不暴露存在性("用户不存在" vs "密码错误")
□ 失败日志不含敏感信息
□ 安全 header(HSTS / CSP / X-Frame-Options)
常见坑
- MD5 / SHA256 存密码——彩虹表攻击
- JWT 永不过期——盗用永久有效
- Refresh Token 不可撤销——撤销账号无效
- Token 在 URL——日志泄露
- 资源归属不检查——A 改 B 数据
- 字段权限靠前端——直接调 API 拿到全字段
- 多租户依赖 URL 传 tenant_id——可篡改
- 登录失败暴露存在性——枚举攻击
- password reset token 永久有效——必须短 TTL
- 2FA 不强制——账号被盗
- OAuth state 不校验——CSRF
- PKCE 不用——code interception
- JWT 用对称密钥但分发到客户端——伪造 Token
- 角色硬编码——配置不灵活
与其他 skill 的协作
上游:
api-designer auth-permission → 权限矩阵
database 工作流 → users / roles / permissions 表
下游:
api-implementation → 中间件挂载
observability → 鉴权日志
testing-implementation → 越权测试
security-engineer 工作流 → 评审
相关参考
- api-designer/auth-permission/references/auth-permission-guide.md
- 项目根
references/backend-tech-stack-guide.md — Auth SaaS 选型