sec-10k-company-analysis

name

sec-10k-company-analysis

description

Comprehensive analysis of public companies using SEC EDGAR 10-K financial data stored in a SQLite database. Use this skill whenever the task involves analyzing a company by CIK (Central Index Key), querying SEC financial data, exploring a financial database with tables like companies, filings, financial_facts, or producing a structured financial analysis report. Covers schema navigation, metric discovery, industry-specific exploration, multi-year trend analysis, capital returns analysis, long-term obligations, and producing an insightful financial summary that connects metrics across dimensions.

SEC 10-K Company Analysis

Database Schema

The SQLite database has 5 tables with these exact column names (wrong column names are a common failure):

companies (primary key: cik)

Key columns: cik, name, sic, sic_description, entity_type, category, fiscal_year_end, state_of_incorporation, phone, description, website, former_names, owner_org

company_addresses

Columns: cik, address_type ("business"/"mailing"), street1, city, state_or_country, zip_code

company_tickers

Columns: cik, ticker, exchange

filings — use column form (NOT form_type)

Key columns: cik, accession_number, filing_date, report_date, form, core_type, size, is_xbrl

financial_facts — use column fact_name (NOT tag), form_type (NOT form)

Key columns: cik, fact_name, fact_value, unit, fact_category, fiscal_year, fiscal_period, end_date, accession_number, form_type, filed_date, dimension_segment, dimension_geography

fiscal_period values: FY (annual), Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 fact_category values: us-gaap, dei, ifrs-full

---

Analysis Workflow

Step 1: Database Discovery

get_database_info()
describe_table("companies")
describe_table("financial_facts")

Step 2: Company Basics

SELECT * FROM companies WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
SELECT * FROM company_tickers WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
SELECT * FROM company_addresses WHERE cik = '<CIK>'

Step 3: Filing History

-- Column is `form`, not `form_type`
SELECT form, COUNT(*) as count FROM filings
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' GROUP BY form ORDER BY count DESC

SELECT form, filing_date, report_date, accession_number
FROM filings WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND form = '10-K'
ORDER BY filing_date DESC LIMIT 20

Step 4: Discover Available Financial Metrics

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' ORDER BY fact_name LIMIT 100

Step 5: Core Annual Metrics — use PIVOT queries for multi-year trends

Fetch 10–15 years of data. Long historical ranges reveal structural shifts, merger impacts, and cyclical patterns that short windows miss.

SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'Assets' THEN fact_value END) AS Assets,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'Liabilities' THEN fact_value END) AS Liabilities,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'StockholdersEquity' THEN fact_value END) AS Equity,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'NetIncomeLoss' THEN fact_value END) AS NetIncome,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'OperatingIncomeLoss' THEN fact_value END) AS OperatingIncome,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'EarningsPerShareDiluted' THEN fact_value END) AS DilutedEPS,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue'  fact_value )  Cash
 financial_facts
 cik  
   form_type  
   fiscal_period  
   fact_name  (
    , , ,
    , ,
    , ,
    
  )
  end_date
  end_date 
LIMIT 

Step 6: Revenue Discovery (many companies use non-standard names)

-- Try common names first
SELECT fact_name, fact_value, fiscal_year, end_date
FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND form_type = '10-K'
  AND fact_name IN (
    'Revenues',
    'RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax',
    'RevenueFromContractWithCustomerIncludingAssessedTax',
    'SalesRevenueNet', 'RevenuesNetOfInterestExpense'
  )
ORDER BY end_date DESC LIMIT 20

-- If empty, discover the actual name
SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%Revenue%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Sales%')
ORDER BY fact_name LIMIT 30

Step 7: Cash Flow Analysis

SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities' THEN fact_value END) AS OperatingCF,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities' THEN fact_value END) AS InvestingCF,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities' THEN fact_value END) AS FinancingCF,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment' THEN fact_value END) AS Capex
FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND form_type = '10-K' AND fiscal_period = 'FY'
  AND fact_name IN (
    'NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities',
    'NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities',
    'NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities',
    'PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment'
  )
GROUP  end_date   end_date  LIMIT 

Step 8: Debt & Capital Structure

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND fact_name LIKE '%Debt%' LIMIT 30

SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'LongTermDebt' THEN fact_value END) AS LTDebt,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'LongTermDebtNoncurrent' THEN fact_value END) AS LTDebtNoncurrent,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'DebtCurrent' THEN fact_value END) AS CurrentDebt,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'InterestExpense' THEN fact_value END) AS InterestExpense
FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND form_type = '10-K' AND fiscal_period = 'FY'
  AND fact_name  (, , , )
  end_date   end_date  LIMIT 

Step 9: Capital Returns (Share Repurchases, Dividends, Shares Outstanding)

This dimension is critical for understanding capital allocation maturity and EPS trajectory. Declining share counts combined with net income growth creates compounding EPS expansion.

-- Discover available capital return metrics
SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%Repurchase%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Treasury%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Dividend%' OR fact_name LIKE '%SharesOut%')
LIMIT 30

SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'PaymentsForRepurchaseOfCommonStock' THEN fact_value END) AS Buybacks,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'TreasuryStockValue' THEN fact_value END) AS TreasuryStock,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'CommonStockDividendsPerShareCashPaid' THEN fact_value END) AS DividendPerShare,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding' THEN fact_value END)  SharesOutstanding
 financial_facts
 cik    form_type  
   fact_name  (
    , ,
    , 
  )
  end_date   end_date  LIMIT 

Step 10: Goodwill, Intangibles, and Long-Term Obligations

Acquisition-driven companies carry substantial goodwill; impairments signal overvaluation. Environmental, pension, and asset retirement obligations represent hidden long-term cash needs.

-- Goodwill and intangibles (key for M&A-heavy companies)
SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'Goodwill' THEN fact_value END) AS Goodwill,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'IntangibleAssetsNetExcludingGoodwill' THEN fact_value END) AS Intangibles,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'GoodwillImpairmentLoss' THEN fact_value END) AS GoodwillImpairment,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'AmortizationOfIntangibleAssets' THEN fact_value END) AS Amortization
FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>' AND form_type = '10-K' AND fiscal_period = 'FY'
  AND fact_name IN ('Goodwill', 'IntangibleAssetsNetExcludingGoodwill',
                    'GoodwillImpairmentLoss', 'AmortizationOfIntangibleAssets')
GROUP BY end_date   end_date  LIMIT 


  fact_name  financial_facts
 cik  
   (fact_name  
        fact_name  
        fact_name  
        fact_name  
        fact_name  )
LIMIT 

Step 11: Industry-Specific Metrics

After confirming the SIC code, discover what unique metrics exist for this company using LIKE patterns. Then query the ones found with the pivot pattern from Steps 5–10.

REIT / Real Estate (SIC 6500–6799):

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%RealEstate%' OR fact_name LIKE '%FundsFrom%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Rental%' OR fact_name LIKE '%LandAvailable%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%NumberOfReal%' OR fact_name LIKE '%NumberOfUnit%')
LIMIT 30

Oil & Gas / Mining (SIC 1000–1499, 1311, 2900):

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%AssetRetirement%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Depletion%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Exploration%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Environmental%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Proved%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Accretion%')
LIMIT 30

Defense / Aerospace (SIC 3720–3812):

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%RemainingPerformance%' OR fact_name LIKE '%ContractWith%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Unbilled%' OR fact_name LIKE '%CustomerAdvance%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%CostsInExcess%' OR fact_name LIKE '%InventoryNet%')
LIMIT 30

Pharmaceutical / Biotech (SIC 2830–2836):

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%Research%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Development%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Collaboration%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Milestone%')
LIMIT 30

Financial Services / Banks (SIC 6000–6499):

SELECT DISTINCT fact_name FROM financial_facts WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND (fact_name LIKE '%Interest%' OR fact_name LIKE '%Loan%'
       OR fact_name LIKE '%Deposit%' OR fact_name LIKE '%AllowanceFor%')
LIMIT 30

Industrial / Technology (SIC 3000–3999, 7370–7379): Focus on R&D expense, PP&E, inventory, operating segments, and acquisition-related goodwill.

---

Common Pitfalls

Mistake	Correct Approach
SELECT DISTINCT tag FROM financial_facts	Use fact_name, not tag
GROUP BY form_type FROM filings	filings uses form, not form_type
SELECT * FROM filings (no LIMIT)	Always add LIMIT to avoid huge results
Assuming Revenues exists	Try multiple names; use LIKE fallback
Only fetching 3-year trends	Extend to 10–15 years — structural patterns require it
Skipping capital returns (buybacks, dividends)	Always check Step 9 — drives EPS trajectory
Skipping environmental/ARO/pension discovery	These are material for industrial, energy, defense companies
Missing parentheses in OR conditions	WHERE (fact_name LIKE '%A%' OR fact_name LIKE '%B%')
Querying specific fact names before discovery	Run Step 4 first to know what's available

---

Analytical Synthesis

Strong analysis connects data across dimensions — not just listing each metric in isolation. After gathering data, identify and explain these linkages:

Capital allocation narrative: How did improving operating cash flow change priorities over time? (e.g., debt-heavy growth → debt reduction → share repurchases → EPS expansion)

Operating leverage: Is revenue growing faster or slower than operating income? Compute: operating margin = OperatingIncome / Revenue for each year.

Debt and coverage: Is debt growth supported by earnings and cash flow? Compute: interest coverage = OperatingIncome / InterestExpense; debt-to-equity trend.

Balance sheet composition: What drives asset growth — organic PP&E, acquisitions (goodwill), or financial assets? Note goodwill as % of total assets; flag if goodwill > 40% as acquisition concentration risk.

Shareholder returns mechanics: Declining share count × rising net income → compounding diluted EPS. Connect buyback amounts to share count reduction to EPS trajectory explicitly.

Historical inflection points: Identify years where metrics shifted sharply (mergers, downturns, business model changes). Long-term data (10+ years) often reveals these better than short windows.

Always include specific dollar amounts, year ranges, and percentage changes in insights.

---

Output Structure

Always produce a comprehensive final report with a "FINISH:" prefix. Aim for 5–10 year trends. Include specific dollar amounts, percentages, and multi-dimensional analytical observations.

FINISH:

## Company Overview
- Name, CIK, Ticker (Exchange), SIC code and description
- Entity type, Filer category, State of incorporation
- Fiscal year end, Address, Phone, Website
- Former names (if any)

## Financial Performance (5–10 year trend)
- Revenue: [values by year with % YoY change]
- Operating Income and margin (%)
- Net Income
- EPS (Diluted, multi-year trend)

## Balance Sheet Composition (5-year trend)
- Total Assets vs. Liabilities vs. Stockholders' Equity
- Cash & Cash Equivalents
- Goodwill / Intangibles (if significant — note % of total assets)
- Long-term Debt (with interest expense trend)

## Cash Flow & Capital Allocation (5-year trend)
- Operating / Investing / Financing cash flows
- Capital expenditures
- Share repurchases (annual amounts)
- Dividends per share (trend)
- Shares outstanding (trend — connects to EPS impact)

## Long-Term Obligations (where applicable)
- Environmental loss contingencies
- Asset retirement obligations
- Pension / post-retirement liabilities
- Operating lease liabilities

## Industry-Specific Metrics
[Sector-relevant metrics with historical trend and interpretation]

## SEC Filing Activity
- Total filings, key form types and counts
- Most recent 10-K date

## Key Analytical Observations
- Capital allocation evolution with dollar amounts and timeframes
- Operating leverage trends (revenue vs. profit growth rates)
- Debt trajectory and interest coverage
- Shareholder returns mechanics (buybacks → share count → EPS)
- Industry-specific strategic observations
- Any historical inflection points (mergers, impairments, crises)

---

Multi-Year Pivot Query Pattern

Use this pattern throughout the workflow — it's more efficient than separate queries and produces clean year-by-year comparison tables:

SELECT end_date,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'MetricA' THEN fact_value END) AS MetricA,
  MAX(CASE WHEN fact_name = 'MetricB' THEN fact_value END) AS MetricB
FROM financial_facts
WHERE cik = '<CIK>'
  AND form_type = '10-K'
  AND fiscal_period = 'FY'
  AND fact_name IN ('MetricA', 'MetricB')
GROUP BY end_date
ORDER BY end_date DESC
LIMIT 15