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coding-standards

适用于 TypeScript、JavaScript、React 和 Node.js 开发的通用编码标准、最佳实践和模式。

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SKILL.md
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name
coding-standards
description
适用于 TypeScript、JavaScript、React 和 Node.js 开发的通用编码标准、最佳实践和模式。
origin
ECC
# 编码标准 & 最佳实践 (Coding Standards & Best Practices) 适用于所有项目的通用编码标准。 ## 代码质量原则 ### 1. 可读性优先 (Readability First) - 代码被阅读的次数多于被编写的次数 - 清晰的变量和函数命名 - 自文档化代码优于注释 - 一致的格式化 ### 2. KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) - 能够工作的最简单解决方案 - 避免过度设计 - 无过早优化 - 易于理解 > 聪明的代码 ### 3. DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) - 将通用逻辑提取到函数中 - 创建可重用的组件 - 在模块间共享工具 - 避免复制粘贴编程 ### 4. YAGNI (You Aren't Gonna Need It) - 不要构建还不需要的功能 - 避免推测性的通用性 - 仅在需要时添加复杂性 - 从简单开始,在需要时重构 ## TypeScript/JavaScript 标准 ### 变量命名 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 描述性名称 const marketSearchQuery = 'election' const isUserAuthenticated = true const totalRevenue = 1000 // ❌ BAD: 不清楚的名称 const q = 'election' const flag = true const x = 1000 ``` ### 函数命名 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 动词-名词模式 async function fetchMarketData(marketId: string) { } function calculateSimilarity(a: number[], b: number[]) { } function isValidEmail(email: string): boolean { } // ❌ BAD: 不清楚或仅名词 async function market(id: string) { } function similarity(a, b) { } function email(e) { } ``` ### 不可变性模式 (CRITICAL) ```typescript // ✅ ALWAYS use spread operator const updatedUser = { ...user, name: 'New Name' } const updatedArray = [...items, newItem] // ❌ NEVER mutate directly user.name = 'New Name' // BAD items.push(newItem) // BAD ``` ### 错误处理 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 全面的错误处理 async function fetchData(url: string) { try { const response = await fetch(url) if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`) } return await response.json() } catch (error) { console.error('Fetch failed:', error) throw new Error('Failed to fetch data') } } // ❌ BAD: 无错误处理 async function fetchData(url) { const response = await fetch(url) return response.json() } ``` ### Async/Await 最佳实践 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 可能时并行执行 const [users, markets, stats] = await Promise.all([ fetchUsers(), fetchMarkets(), fetchStats() ]) // ❌ BAD: 不必要的顺序执行 const users = await fetchUsers() const markets = await fetchMarkets() const stats = await fetchStats() ``` ### 类型安全 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 适当的类型 interface Market { id: string name: string status: 'active' | 'resolved' | 'closed' created_at: Date } function getMarket(id: string): Promise<Market> { // Implementation } // ❌ BAD: 使用 'any' function getMarket(id: any): Promise<any> { // Implementation } ``` ## React 最佳实践 ### 组件结构 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 带有类型的函数组件 interface ButtonProps { children: React.ReactNode onClick: () => void disabled?: boolean variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' } export function Button({ children, onClick, disabled = false, variant = 'primary' }: ButtonProps) { return ( <button onClick={onClick} disabled={disabled} className={`btn btn-${variant}`} > {children} </button> ) } // ❌ BAD: 无类型,不清楚的结构 export function Button(props) { return <button onClick={props.onClick}>{props.children}</button> } ``` ### 自定义 Hooks ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 可重用的自定义 hook export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T { const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value) useEffect(() => { const handler = setTimeout(() => { setDebouncedValue(value) }, delay) return () => clearTimeout(handler) }, [value, delay]) return debouncedValue } // 用法 const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500) ``` ### 状态管理 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 适当的状态更新 const [count, setCount] = useState(0) // 基于前一个状态的功能性更新 setCount(prev => prev + 1) // ❌ BAD: 直接状态引用 setCount(count + 1) // Can be stale in async scenarios ``` ### 条件渲染 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 清晰的条件渲染 {isLoading && <Spinner />} {error && <ErrorMessage error={error} />} {data && <DataDisplay data={data} />} // ❌ BAD: 三元运算符地狱 {isLoading ? <Spinner /> : error ? <ErrorMessage error={error} /> : data ? <DataDisplay data={data} /> : null} ``` ## API 设计标准 ### REST API 约定 ``` GET /api/markets # 列出所有市场 GET /api/markets/:id # 获取特定市场 POST /api/markets # 创建新市场 PUT /api/markets/:id # 更新市场 (full) PATCH /api/markets/:id # 更新市场 (partial) DELETE /api/markets/:id # 删除市场 # 用于过滤的查询参数 GET /api/markets?status=active&limit=10&offset=0 ``` ### 响应格式 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 一致的响应结构 interface ApiResponse<T> { success: boolean data?: T error?: string meta?: { total: number page: number limit: number } } // Success response return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets, meta: { total: 100, page: 1, limit: 10 } }) // Error response return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Invalid request' }, { status: 400 }) ``` ### 输入验证 ```typescript import { z } from 'zod' // ✅ GOOD: Schema 验证 const CreateMarketSchema = z.object({ name: z.string().min(1).max(200), description: z.string().min(1).max(2000), endDate: z.string().datetime(), categories: z.array(z.string()).min(1) }) export async function POST(request: Request) { const body = await request.json() try { const validated = CreateMarketSchema.parse(body) // 使用验证后的数据继续 } catch (error) { if (error instanceof z.ZodError) { return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Validation failed', details: error.errors }, { status: 400 }) } } } ``` ## 文件组织 ### 项目结构 ``` src/ ├── app/ # Next.js App Router │ ├── api/ # API routes │ ├── markets/ # Market pages │ └── (auth)/ # Auth pages (route groups) ├── components/ # React components │ ├── ui/ # Generic UI components │ ├── forms/ # Form components │ └── layouts/ # Layout components ├── hooks/ # Custom React hooks ├── lib/ # Utilities and configs │ ├── api/ # API clients │ ├── utils/ # Helper functions │ └── constants/ # Constants ├── types/ # TypeScript types └── styles/ # Global styles ``` ### 文件命名 ``` components/Button.tsx # PascalCase 用于组件 hooks/useAuth.ts # camelCase 带有 'use' 前缀 lib/formatDate.ts # camelCase 用于工具 types/market.types.ts # camelCase 带有 .types 后缀 ``` ## 注释 & 文档 ### 何时注释 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 解释 WHY (为什么), 而不是 WHAT (什么) // Use exponential backoff to avoid overwhelming the API during outages const delay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, retryCount), 30000) // Deliberately using mutation here for performance with large arrays items.push(newItem) // ❌ BAD: 陈述显而易见的事实 // Increment counter by 1 count++ // Set name to user's name name = user.name ``` ### 公共 API 的 JSDoc ```typescript /** * 使用语义相似度搜索市场。 * * @param query - 自然语言搜索查询 * @param limit - 最大结果数 (default: 10) * @returns 按相似度得分排序的市场数组 * @throws {Error} 如果 OpenAI API 失败或 Redis 不可用 * * @example * ```typescript * const results = await searchMarkets('election', 5) * console.log(results[0].name) // "Trump vs Biden" * ``` */ export async function searchMarkets( query: string, limit: number = 10 ): Promise<Market[]> { // Implementation } ``` ## 性能最佳实践 ### 记忆化 (Memoization) ```typescript import { useMemo, useCallback } from 'react' // ✅ GOOD: Memoize 昂贵的计算 const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => { return markets.sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume) }, [markets]) // ✅ GOOD: Memoize 回调 const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => { setSearchQuery(query) }, []) ``` ### 懒加载 (Lazy Loading) ```typescript import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react' // ✅ GOOD: 懒加载重组件 const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart')) export function Dashboard() { return ( <Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}> <HeavyChart /> </Suspense> ) } ``` ### 数据库查询 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 仅选择需要的列 const { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('id, name, status') .limit(10) // ❌ BAD: 选择一切 const { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('*') ``` ## 测试标准 ### 测试结构 (AAA 模式) ```typescript test('calculates similarity correctly', () => { // Arrange const vector1 = [1, 0, 0] const vector2 = [0, 1, 0] // Act const similarity = calculateCosineSimilarity(vector1, vector2) // Assert expect(similarity).toBe(0) }) ``` ### 测试命名 ```typescript // ✅ GOOD: 描述性测试名称 test('returns empty array when no markets match query', () => { }) test('throws error when OpenAI API key is missing', () => { }) test('falls back to substring search when Redis unavailable', () => { }) // ❌ BAD: 模糊的测试名称 test('works', () => { }) test('test search', () => { }) ``` ## 代码异味检测 注意这些反模式: ### 1. 长函数 ```typescript // ❌ BAD: Function > 50 lines function processMarketData() { // 100 lines of code } // ✅ GOOD: 拆分成更小的函数 function processMarketData() { const validated = validateData() const transformed = transformData(validated) return saveData(transformed) } ``` ### 2. 深层嵌套 ```typescript // ❌ BAD: 5+ levels of nesting if (user) { if (user.isAdmin) { if (market) { if (market.isActive) { if (hasPermission) { // Do something } } } } } // ✅ GOOD: Early returns if (!user) return if (!user.isAdmin) return if (!market) return if (!market.isActive) return if (!hasPermission) return // Do something ``` ### 3. 魔术数字 ```typescript // ❌ BAD: Unexplained numbers if (retryCount > 3) { } setTimeout(callback, 500) // ✅ GOOD: Named constants const MAX_RETRIES = 3 const DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 500 if (retryCount > MAX_RETRIES) { } setTimeout(callback, DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS) ``` **记住**:代码质量不可协商。清晰、可维护的代码能够实现快速开发和自信的重构。
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