| name | Android-Pentesting-Skill |
| description | Comprehensive Android APK security audit with static analysis, dynamic instrumentation, source-to-sink tracing, IPC/component abuse analysis, and CVSS 4.0 reporting. Covers decompilation, manifest analysis, deep links and intent injection, secrets detection, crypto analysis, Frida/Objection integration, and APK repackaging. Use when user says "audit APK", "analyze android app", "mobile pentest", "APK security", "decompile APK", "android vulnerability assessment", "reverse engineer android", "modify APK", "intent injection", "deep link abuse", "bypass SSL pinning", "bypass root detection", or provides an APK for security review, decompiled Android sources, or decoded resources.
|
| license | Apache-2.0 |
| allowed-tools | Bash(apktool:*) Bash(jadx:*) Bash(aapt2:*) Bash(d8:*) Bash(frida:*) Bash(objection:*) Bash(adb:*) Bash(keytool:*) Bash(zipalign:*) Bash(apksigner:*) Bash(python3:*) Bash(apkid:*) Read Write Edit Glob Grep |
| metadata | {"author":"DragonJAR SAS","version":"1.7.0","category":"mobile-security","tags":["android","apk-audit","static-analysis","dynamic-analysis","frida","objection","security-pentest","cvss-scoring","reverse-engineering","ai-powered","ai-analysis"]} |
Android APK Security Audit
Overview
Deterministic 6-phase static analysis + optional dynamic confirmation workflow. Remove noise early, keep the package scope tight. Only report vulnerabilities where source, propagation, and sink are understood or clearly marked as needing dynamic confirmation.
When to Use
- User provides an APK file for security review
- User asks to analyze decompiled Android source code
- User needs to modify or repackage an APK for testing
- User wants mobile security testing or vulnerability assessment
- User needs help testing exported components, deep links, or intent injection
- User mentions Android reverse engineering or malware analysis
Critical Rules
- NEVER report bare grep hits without traced context
- ALWAYS constrain searches to the app namespace (avoid library noise)
- STOP and report immediately if decoding fails
- ALWAYS use imperative language in findings
- NEVER skip validation — if unsure, mark as "Needs Dynamic Confirmation"
- ALWAYS provide concrete PoC (adb command, Frida hook, or malicious intent)
- NEVER duplicate findings for the same root cause
Quality Note: Take your time to analyze thoroughly. Quality is more important than speed. Do not skip validation steps — a false positive is worse than a missed finding.
Execution Model
Tools to use: bash, write, edit, read, glob, grep for core workflow.
Toolchain Requirements
Before starting, verify these tools are installed:
- APKTool 3.0.2+ (
apktool --version) — aapt2-only mode; requires Java 17+
- JADX 1.5.5+ (
jadx --version)
- Android SDK Platform Tools 36.0.2 (
adb, fastboot)
- Android SDK Build Tools 36.0.0 (
apksigner, zipalign, aapt2, d8)
- Frida 17.x (
frida --version) — ⚠️ Frida-server on device must match the frida core version (the frida Python package), NOT frida-tools
- Objection 1.12.5+ (
objection --version)
- APKiD 3.1.0+ (
apkid --version)
Run scripts/06-setup/preflight-check.sh (bash), scripts/06-setup/preflight-check.py (universal, JSON output), or scripts/06-setup/preflight-check.ps1 (PowerShell) to verify all tools. See references/environment-setup.md for installation instructions.
AI-Powered Analysis
This skill includes AI-powered analysis capabilities. The AI model running this skill has built-in code analysis - use it strategically to enhance findings.
When to Use AI
- Analyzing decompiled code for semantic vulnerabilities
- Tracing complex data flows (source-to-sink)
- Generating Proof-of-Concept exploits
- Filtering false positives from automated scans
- Understanding obfuscated code behavior
- Enhancing report quality and context
How to Use AI
- Analyze specific code sections: Don't ask AI to find ALL vulnerabilities - target specific suspicious code
- Provide context: Include the full function/class, not just snippets
- Ask for CVSS scoring: Request severity assessment with CVSS 4.0
- Verify findings: Always validate AI findings against code and Frida testing
AI Analysis Prompts
See references/ai-pentesting-guide.md for complete methodology and prompt templates.
Quick examples:
ANALYZE: Is this SQL injection exploitable?
Code: <vulnerable_query_with_user_input>
Context: <userId from Intent extra>
For each finding provide:
- CWE ID and CVSS 4.0 score
- Exploitation scenario
- Frida script to demonstrate (if applicable)
Reference: references/ai-pentesting-guide.md - Complete AI analysis methodology
Inventory: references/project-manifest.md is the ground-truth list of every packaged file and directory.
Audit Mode Selection
Select the smallest mode that satisfies the user request. See references/audit-modes.md for full feature flags and presets.
| Mode | Default Use | Notes |
|---|
quick | First-pass triage | Decode, manifest, focused static checks, coverage statement. |
static | No device/emulator | Static analysis only; mark runtime-only issues Needs Dynamic Confirmation. |
full | Standard APK audit | Static + dynamic + MASVS + optional executive risk score. |
protected-app | Packing/RASP blocks analysis | Follow protected-app fallback and record coverage gaps. |
osint | Public exposure enrichment | Passive, in-scope OSINT only. |
reporting-only | Existing findings JSON | Deduplicate, triage, MASVS, risk score, report. |
Phase 0 — Decode and Detect Framework
Decode APK
apktool d app.apk -o decoded/
jadx -d jadx_output app.apk
apkid app.apk
Framework Detection
Identify the app's architecture early to tailor analysis.
React Native: grep -r "com.facebook.react" decoded/AndroidManifest.xml · Check for libhermes.so and index.android.bundle in assets/
Flutter: grep -r "io.flutter" decoded/AndroidManifest.xml · Check for libflutter.so and assets/flutter_assets/
Cordova/Ionic: grep -r "org.apache.cordova" decoded/AndroidManifest.xml · Check assets/www/ for cordova.js
Xamarin: grep -r "mono\|com.xamarin" decoded/AndroidManifest.xml · Check for libmonodroid.so
Reference: references/hybrid-webview-frameworks.md for complete detection scripts, Frida detection hooks, and framework-specific security considerations.
Cross-Platform Analysis Scripts: Use scripts/01-cross-platform/cordova-analysis.sh, scripts/01-cross-platform/flutter-analysis.sh, scripts/01-cross-platform/react-native-analysis.sh, and scripts/01-cross-platform/unity-analysis.sh for framework-specific static analysis of Cordova/Ionic, Flutter, React Native, and Unity applications respectively. These scripts extract framework-specific metadata, identify native module usage, and highlight security considerations unique to each framework.
Obfuscation Detection
- ProGuard/R8: Class names like
a.b.c, a$a, a$1
- DexGuard: Additional string encryption and native methods
- Custom obfuscation: Unusual patterns, mixed naming schemes
Reference: references/static-analysis-patterns.md for detailed detection patterns.
Phase 1 — Attack Surface Mapping
Analyze AndroidManifest.xml
cat decoded/AndroidManifest.xml
aapt2 dump badging app.apk
Exported Components
Exported components are attack surfaces:
| Component | Exported If | Security Checks |
|---|
| Activities | android:exported="true" | Intent filters, permission requirements |
| Services | android:exported="true" | Intent filters, permission requirements |
| Receivers | android:exported="true" | Intent filters, permission requirements |
| Providers | android:exported="true" | Path permissions, read/write permissions |
Deep Link Schemes
Extract and document all deep link schemes:
<intent-filter>
<data android:scheme="scheme" android:host="host" />
</intent-filter>
Security-Relevant XML Resources
Check res/xml/ for: network_security_config.xml (TLS/cleartext), file provider paths, preferences.
Reference: references/android-manifest-checklist.md for complete 50+ manifest checks.
IPC / intent abuse: see references/intent-injection.md and references/pendingintent-security.md.
Phase 2 — Targeted Triage
Scoped Grep Patterns
ALWAYS grep within the app namespace only. Use patterns from references/static-analysis-patterns.md:
| Category | Example Patterns | What to Look For |
|---|
| WebView sinks | loadUrl\(, evaluateJavascript | Loading untrusted URLs |
| IPC sources | getIntent(), onNewIntent() | Unsanitized data entry |
| Intent relays | getParcelableExtra, getSerializableExtra, startActivity\(, sendBroadcast\( | Nested intent / confused deputy patterns |
| Hardcoded secrets | password\s*=, api[_-]?key | Credentials in code |
| Encoded literals | Base64\.decode, "\x[0-9a-f]" | Obfuscated strings |
| Weak crypto | DES/, MD5, "AES/ECB" | Insecure algorithms |
| Insecure storage | SharedPreferences, MODE_WORLD_READABLE | Unprotected data |
| Network/TLS | TrustManager, X509TrustManager | SSL validation bypass |
| Native bridges | System\.loadLibrary, JNI methods | Native code interfaces |
Resource File Analysis
Check res/values/strings.xml for secrets:
grep -iE "(key|token|secret|password|api)" decoded/res/values/strings.xml
Reference: references/static-analysis-patterns.md for 100+ grep patterns organized by vulnerability type.
Phase 2.5 — Static Analysis Rules (Optional)
The semgrep-based static analysis module augments grep patterns with OWASP MASTG rules:
bash scripts/auto-audit-static.sh app.apk --semgrep
python3 scripts/03-static-analysis/semgrep-scan.py decoded/ --output findings-semgrep.json
python3 scripts/03-static-analysis/merge-findings.py --input findings.json semgrep.json --output merged.json
bash scripts/03-static-analysis/update-rules.sh --fetch
Features:
- 70+ MASTG-aligned rules covering crypto, network, storage, authentication
- Non-blocking fallback (continues if semgrep is not available)
- Deduplication by CWE + title before merging
- Phase 2.5 runs after grep patterns, before data flow tracing
Reference: scripts/03-static-analysis/semgrep-scan.py --help for rule categories and update workflow.
Phase 3 — Data Flow Tracing
Source-to-Sink Methodology
Map data flow from untrusted sources to dangerous sinks:
Common Sources
| Source | Method | Example |
|---|
| IPC (Activities) | getIntent() | Malicious intent data |
| IPC (Services) | onStartCommand() | Start extras |
| Deep Links | getIntent().getData() | URL parameters |
| WebView | JavascriptInterface | Untrusted JS calls |
| Network | HttpResponse | API responses |
| Storage | SharedPreferences | Stored user input |
| External | Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory() | File system data |
Common Sinks
| Sink | Method | Impact |
|---|
| Command Execution | Runtime.exec(), ProcessBuilder | RCE |
| WebView Load | loadUrl(), loadData() | XSS, Phishing |
| File Operations | FileWriter, FileOutputStream | Path traversal, LFI |
| IPC Broadcast | sendBroadcast() | Intent injection |
| Reflection | Class.forName(), getMethod() | Code execution |
| Native Calls | JNI | Native code execution |
| SQL | SQLiteDatabase.execSQL() | SQL injection |
Decision Rules
| Rule | Condition | Action |
|---|
| 1 | Direct flow source → sink | Report as Likely |
| 2 | Indirect flow via static analysis | Report as Likely if path clear |
| 3 | Dynamic/reflective call | Mark as Needs Dynamic Confirmation |
| 4 | Native boundary | Mark as Needs Dynamic Confirmation |
| 5 | Library code | Verify if app wraps securely |
| 6 | No sanitization | Escalate severity |
Manual Checks Grep Misses
| Check | Why grep misses | How to verify |
|---|
| Runtime permissions | requestPermissions() calls | Trace onRequestPermissionsResult |
| Custom permission protections | checkPermission() | Look for permission checks |
| Activity transitions & intent relays | startActivity() hides nested-intent forwarding and grant flags | Follow intent construction, Parcelable relays, and FLAG_GRANT_* usage |
| File provider paths | XML + code | Map paths to exposed content URIs |
| Content provider queries | query() | Trace URI construction |
Reference: references/attack-patterns.md for modern attack vectors: intent injection, deep link abuse, WebView universal XSS, task hijacking, file provider path traversal, broadcast theft, component hijacking.
Phase 4 — Dynamic Analysis (Optional)
Use when static analysis hits a wall: obfuscation, reflection, native code, runtime protections.
Runtime Defense Analysis (RDA)
The Runtime Defense Analysis module provides Frida-based detection and bypass for anti-analysis mechanisms:
bash scripts/auto-audit-static.sh app.apk --semgrep
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --runtime-defense
bash scripts/02-rasp/runtime-defense-analyzer.sh --list
bash scripts/02-rasp/runtime-defense-analyzer.sh app.apk com.target.app --active-mode --authorized-lab
Available detector catalog (18 entries: 14 executable detectors + 4 not-applicable backend/cloud entries):
rootbeer — RootBeer library detectionsafetynet — SafetyNet attestationemulator — Emulator detectiondebug — Debugger detectionfrida-detect — Frida detectionscreenshot — Screenshot prevention detectionscreenrecorded — Screen recording detectiontalsec, approov, dexguard, appdome, doverunner, digitalai — commercial RASP/shielding detectioncontrast, imperva, dynatrace, accuknox — cataloged as not-applicable for direct Android APK detection
Output: findings-rda.json with detector results
Reference: scripts/02-rasp/README.md for detailed detector documentation.
Authorized RASP Bypass Validation
After RDA detection, use the DRY bypass runner instead of duplicating Frida logic per detector:
bash scripts/02-rasp/rasp-bypass-runner.sh --list-profiles
bash scripts/02-rasp/rasp-bypass-runner.sh \
--package com.target.app \
--detectors rootbeer,frida_detect,talsec \
--print-command
bash scripts/02-rasp/rasp-bypass-runner.sh \
--package com.target.app \
--from-rda findings-rda.json \
--run --authorized-lab
The single source of truth is scripts/02-rasp/bypass-profiles.json; the runner reuses scripts under assets/frida-scripts/. Do not copy bypass logic into detector files. See references/rasp-bypass-workflow.md for coverage, limits, and reporting requirements.
Frida Integration
frida -U -f com.example.app -l script.js
frida -U com.example.app -l script.js
Using frida-exploit-helper.py
The frida-exploit-helper.py script provides a convenient wrapper for Frida operations with bundled scripts and common patterns.
When to use: Prefer frida-exploit-helper.py over direct Frida CLI for:
- Bundled Frida scripts (SSL pinning bypass, root detection bypass, etc.)
- Quick memory operations (read, write, find base address)
- Discovering available scripts
- Simplified Frida workflow
Examples with bundled scripts:
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --script ssl-pinning-bypass
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --script root-detection-bypass
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py --list-scripts
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --layout
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --hook malloc,free
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --read 0x12345678 64
python3 scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py -p com.target.app --write 0x12345678 deadbeef
Key flags:
-p, --package — Target package name (required for most operations)--script — Use bundled script name (use --list-scripts to see options) or path to a .js file--spawn / -s — Spawn a new process for the target package--attach / -a — Attach to a running process--list-scripts — Display all available bundled Frida scripts--layout — Show memory layout and base addresses--hook — Comma-separated list of functions to hook--read ADDRESS SIZE — Read memory at address (hex) with size in bytes--write ADDRESS DATA — Write data to address (hex). Data can be hex or string--base <library> — Get base address of specified module (requires library name)
Reference: See scripts/07-tools/frida-exploit-helper.py --help for complete options and bundled script catalog.
Reference: bundled Frida scripts in assets/frida-scripts/. See references/frida-scripts-index.md for the canonical catalog.
Focused runtime triage: use assets/frida-scripts/android-file-access-monitor.js for filesystem/storage visibility, assets/frida-scripts/jni-tracer.js for JNI/native boundary discovery, and assets/frida-scripts/ipc-abuse-helper.js for passive IPC logging plus intentional provider/deep-link validation.
Script Maturity Levels:
- STABLE (with known scope): Production-ready within documented coverage.
ssl-pinning-bypass.js covers core Java TLS/TrustManager paths (see its header for exact list — not a full universal OkHttp/WebView solution). root-detection-bypass.js, biometric-bypass.js, network-interceptor.js, etc. have broad but not infinite coverage.
- BETA: Functional but incomplete — use with caution
JNI Trace (Native Library Tracing)
For advanced JNI and native library analysis, use jnitrace:
pip install jnitrace
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m spawn com.target.app
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m attach com.target.app
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m spawn com.target.app \
-i ".*decrypt.*|.*sign.*"
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m spawn com.target.app \
-e "GetStringUTFChars|ReleaseStringUTFChars"
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m spawn com.target.app \
--ignore-env --ignore-vm
jnitrace -l libnative-lib.so -m spawn com.target.app \
-o trace-output.json
Programmatic usage (via npm package):
npm install jnitrace-engine
Use jnitrace when:
- Analyzing custom JNI bindings
- Understanding native library behavior
- Debugging native crashes
- Tracing crypto operations in native code
Note: jnitrace requires the app to be started with Frida spawn mode. For more details, see references/native-analysis.md and jni-tracer.js for an alternative Frida-based approach.
Objection Commands
objection -n com.example.app start
objection -g com.example.app explore
android hooking list activities
android hooking list services
android hooking list receivers
android sslpinning disable
android keystore list
ADB Runtime Testing
adb shell am start -n com.example.app/.MainActivity -a android.intent.action.VIEW -d "scheme://host"
adb shell am broadcast -a com.example.app.ACTION -e key "value"
adb logcat | grep com.example.app
SSL Pinning bypass: references/dynamic-analysis-setup.md + assets/frida-scripts/ssl-pinning-bypass.js
Split APK / AAB runtime handling: references/dynamic-analysis-setup.md#9-split-apk--aab-runtime-handling for pm path, adb install-multiple, and bundletool workflows.
RASP bypass: references/rasp-bypass.md + assets/frida-scripts/native-root-detection-probe.js for anti-debug, anti-frida, emulator detection, and native root-check escalation.
Protected-app fallback: references/packer-modern-unpacking.md#protected-app-fallback-decision-tree for runtime extraction, spawn-mode instrumentation, embedded instrumentation fallback, and static-only coverage handling.
Phase 5 — Classification and Reporting
Compliance Score (Optional)
Generate a MASVS v2 compliance score alongside CVSS findings:
python3 scripts/05-scoring/calculate-score.py findings.json --json-output > score.json
python3 scripts/07-tools/generate-report.py --input findings.json --masvs --output report.html
python3 scripts/07-tools/generate-report.py --input findings.json --masvs --masvs-mapping scripts/05-scoring/masvs-mapping.json --output report.html
Scoring methodology:
- 24 MASVS v2 controls assessed
- Weighted deduction based on severity (Critical×10, High×5, Medium×2, Low×1)
- Final score: 0–100 with letter grade (A/B/C/D/F)
Grade thresholds:
- A: 90–100 (Excellent)
- B: 75–89 (Good)
- C: 60–74 (Acceptable)
- D: 40–59 (Poor)
- F: 0–39 (Critical)
References: scripts/05-scoring/README.md and references/masvs-scoring-model.md for control definitions, mapping semantics, and not-tested handling.
Executive Risk Score (Optional)
When generating an executive report, include an aggregate risk score only after deduplication and confidence triage. Use references/risk-score-model.md to keep this separate from CVSS and MASVS:
- CVSS = severity of individual vulnerabilities
- MASVS = control coverage/compliance posture
- Executive risk score = aggregate operational exposure and coverage gaps
Do not deduct score for rejected false positives. Treat unresolved protected code, missing splits, or skipped dynamic validation as coverage gaps rather than confirmed vulnerabilities.
OSINT Enrichment (Optional)
If the engagement scope allows passive reconnaissance, enrich Phase 5 with references/osint-apk-recon.md:
- Correlate package name, app label, first-party domains, endpoints, and redacted secret fingerprints.
- Search passive public sources only unless active probing is explicitly authorized.
- Classify domains as first-party, likely first-party, third-party SDK, or unknown before reporting.
- Promote OSINT evidence only when it supports an in-scope app finding or public exposure claim.
Confidence Levels
| Level | Definition | Example Evidence |
|---|
| Confirmed | Full source-to-sink trace validated | Direct call chain from IPC source to Runtime.exec() with no sanitization |
| Likely | Strong evidence, minor gaps | Static trace clear but reflection obscures final sink |
| Needs Dynamic Confirmation | Static analysis inconclusive | Obfuscated code or native boundary requiring runtime verification |
Severity
Use CVSS 4.0. See references/cvss-scoring-guide.md for complete methodology and severity mapping.
Finding Template
## [ID] - [Title]
**Confidence**: [Confirmed/Likely/Needs Dynamic Confirmation]
**Severity**: [Critical/High/Medium/Low] (CVSS: [X.X])
**CWE**: [CWE-ID]
**OWASP**: [OWASP Category]
### Description
[1-2 sentences explaining what the vulnerability is]
### Affected Components
- **File**: `path/to/file.java`
- **Method**: `methodName()`
- **Component**: `[Activity/Service/Receiver/Provider]` (if applicable)
### Attack Scenario
1. Attacker [action, e.g., sends malicious intent with crafted data]
2. App [processing step, e.g., extracts parameter without validation]
3. Data propagates through [call chain]
4. Reaches sink [dangerous operation]
5. Results in [impact, e.g., arbitrary command execution]
### Proof of Concept
```bash
adb shell am start -n com.example.app/.MainActivity \
-a android.intent.action.VIEW \
-d 'exploit://host/path?payload=cmd%7Ccat%20/data/data/com.example.app/databases/db'
Or provide Frida hook script for dynamic verification.
Impact
- Confidentiality: [High/Medium/Low/None] — [explanation]
- Integrity: [High/Medium/Low/None] — [explanation]
- Availability: [High/Medium/Low/None] — [explanation]
Remediation
Intent intent = getIntent();
if (intent != null && intent.getData() != null) {
String input = intent.getData().getQueryParameter("path");
if (isValidPath(input)) {
loadUrl(input);
} else {
Log.w(TAG, "Invalid path detected");
}
}
private boolean isValidPath(String path) {
return path != null && !path.contains("..") &&
path.matches("^/safe/\\w+\\.html$");
}
CVSS 4.0 Calculation
[Show vector string and score breakdown]
### Coverage Statement
End your report with:
Coverage Analysis:
- Static Analysis: Complete (all decompiled sources analyzed)
- Dynamic Analysis: [Complete/Partial/Not Performed] (reason if partial)
- Scope: [com.example.app.* namespace only]
- Framework: [React Native/Flutter/Native/Standard]
- Obfuscation: [ProGuard/R8/DexGuard/Custom/None]
Limitations:
- [List any limitations, e.g., "Native code analysis requires additional tools"]
- [Any components that could not be analyzed]
- [Any findings requiring additional verification]
Total Findings: X (Critical: Y, High: Z, Medium: A, Low: B)
> **Reference**: `references/reporting-templates.md` for executive summary format, remediation priority matrix, and presentation templates.
### Automated Report Generation
Use the `generate-report.py` script to generate professional HTML or Markdown reports from findings JSON:
```bash
# Generate HTML report
python3 scripts/07-tools/generate-report.py \
--input findings.json \
--output report.html \
--app-name "My App" \
--package-name "com.example.app"
# Generate Markdown report
python3 scripts/07-tools/generate-report.py \
--input findings.json \
--output report.md \
--app-name "My App" \
--package-name "com.example.app"
The script supports both JSON array format and JSONL (one finding per line) and automatically:
- Sorts findings by severity (Critical first)
- Calculates CVSS 4.0 severity scores
- Generates executive summary with risk rating
- Maps OWASP MASTG categories
- Provides formatted proof of concept and remediation sections
See scripts/test-findings.json for the expected JSON structure.
APK Modification Workflow
1. Decode
apktool d app.apk -o app-modified/
2. Modify — Smali Patching
Edit smali files in app-modified/smali/:
.method public checkSecurity()Z
.locals 1
# Original: iget-boolean v0, p0, Lcom/example/App;->securityEnabled:Z
# Patched — always return true
const/4 v0, 0x1
return v0
.end method
Resource Modification
Edit XML or resource files in app-modified/res/:
<bool name="debug_mode">true</bool>
3. Rebuild
apktool b app-modified/ -o app-modified.apk
4. Sign
keytool -genkeypair -v -keystore my-release-key.jks -alias androiddebugkey -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000
zipalign -v 4 app-modified.apk app-aligned.apk
if [ ! -f "my-release-key.jks" ]; then
echo "Error: Keystore not found. Create it with keytool first."
exit 1
fi
apksigner sign \
--ks my-release-key.jks \
--ks-key-alias androiddebugkey \
--ks-pass pass:myPassword \
--key-pass pass:myPassword \
--out app-signed.apk \
app-aligned.apk
apksigner verify --verbose app-signed.apk
5. Install and Verify
adb install -r app-signed.apk
Reference: references/dynamic-analysis-setup.md for advanced repackaging, signature verification bypass, and ADB debugging. See references/apk-modification-guide.md for smali editing edge cases and troubleshooting.
Troubleshooting
APK Decoding Fails
apktool d -f app.apk -o decoded/
aapt2 dump badging app.apk
apkid app.apk
Note: Apktool 3.0+ removed the -api/--api-level flag. The API level is now auto-detected from the APK.
If packed → see references/packing-unpacking.md for unpacking techniques.
JADX Shows Bad Code
jadx --show-bad-code -v app.apk
jadx --decompilation-mode fallback app.apk
jadx-gui app.apk
Frida Cannot Attach
adb shell ps -A | grep frida
adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abi
adb shell "su -c 'killall frida-server'"
adb shell "su -c '/data/local/tmp/frida-server -D &'"
Full setup: references/dynamic-analysis-setup.md
Obfuscated Code Unreadable
- Identify obfuscator:
apkid app.apk
- Enable JADX deobfuscation:
jadx --deobf app.apk
- See
references/static-analysis-patterns.md → "Obfuscation Patterns"
- Switch to Phase 4 for runtime behavior
When to Escalate to Dynamic Analysis
Static analysis reaches limits when: obfuscation unclear, reflection, JNI boundaries, anti-debug/root detection, SSL pinning. → Proceed to Phase 4 using references/dynamic-analysis-setup.md.
Examples
Example 1: Quick Assessment
com.example.app.apk → Decode → Framework detect → Manifest audit → Secrets grep → CVSS report
Example 2: SSL Pinning Bypass
frida -U -f com.target.app -l ssl-pinning-bypass.js → See references/rasp-bypass.md if fails
Example 3: APK Repackaging
Decode → Modify → Rebuild → Sign → Install (see references/apk-modification-guide.md)
Agent Operating Contract
This contract defines what every audit must produce, when to advance, when to stop, and how to report findings.
Required Audit Artifacts
For every APK audit, produce these artifacts:
| Artifact | Phase | Description |
|---|
scope.json | -1 | Package name, target scope, authorization confirmation |
toolchain-report.json | 0 | Tool versions, availability, preflight results |
app-profile.json | 0 | Framework, obfuscation, architecture |
attack-surface.json | 1 | Exported components, deep links, permissions |
findings.json | 2-4 | All findings in standard schema |
evidence/ | 2-4 | Screenshots, logs, PoC commands |
coverage-matrix.json | 5 | MASVS control coverage status |
final-report.html | 5 | Executive summary + technical findings |
Stop Conditions — STOP AND REPORT IMMEDIATELY
| Condition | Action |
|---|
| APK decode fails | Report DECODE_FAILURE with error log |
| Package name cannot be determined | Report SCOPE_UNCLEAR and stop |
| Target namespace cannot be isolated | Report SCOPE_TOO_BROAD |
| Dynamic testing requested but no Frida/device | Mark findings Needs Dynamic Confirmation |
| Encrypted/packed APK blocks analysis | Report PACKED_APK with partial coverage |
Finding States
| State | When to Use | CVSS Required |
|---|
| Confirmed | Full source-to-sink trace validated | Yes |
| Likely | Strong evidence, minor gaps in trace | Yes |
| Needs Dynamic Confirmation | Static inconclusive (obfuscation, reflection, JNI) | TBD |
| Informational | Best practice violation, low risk | Optional |
| Rejected | Previously reported, confirmed false positive | N/A |
APK Type Handling
| Type | Analysis Approach |
|---|
| Standard APK | Full 6-phase workflow |
| Split APK / AAB | Phase 0 → detect base vs dynamic features, pull/install full split set, analyze each split separately; see dynamic-analysis-setup.md#9-split-apk--aab-runtime-handling |
| Packed/Protected | Phase 0 → static baseline, runtime extraction/spawn-mode/embedded instrumentation fallback; if blocked → PACKED_APK report with coverage gap |
| React Native | Phase 0 → extract Hermes bytecode, use scripts/01-cross-platform/react-native-analysis.sh |
| Flutter | Phase 0 → Blutter analysis, native SSL hooks |
| Xamarin | Phase 0 → identify Mono runtime, analyze bundled assemblies |
| Obfuscated | Phase 2 → enhanced grep + Phase 4 dynamic if available |
Evidence Standards
Every finding must have:
- File + line reference (or Frida trace for dynamic)
- Evidence snippet (relevant code/data)
- Attack scenario (how attacker exploits)
- CVSS 4.0 vector (Confirmed/Likely) or
TBD (Needs Dynamic)
Coverage Declaration
End every report with:
{
"coverage": {
"static_analysis": "complete | partial | not-performed",
"dynamic_analysis": "complete | partial | not-performed",
"framework": "react-native | flutter | cordova | xamarin | native",
"obfuscation": "proguard | dexguard | custom | none",
"native_code": "analyzed | not-analyzed | not-applicable",
"rasp": "detected | not-detected | not-tested"
},
"total_findings": { "critical": 0, "high": 0, "medium": 0, "low": 0 }
}
References Index
| Phase | Files | Phase | Files |
|---|
| 0 | environment-setup, opencode-tooling, static-analysis-patterns, hybrid-webview-frameworks, kotlin-patterns, kotlin-async-security, kotlin-compose-security, kotlin-multiplatform-security, malware-analysis, tool-installation | 3 | attack-patterns, intent-injection, pendingintent-security, firebase-security, deep-link-exploitation, real-world-android-vulnerabilities |
| 1 | android-manifest-checklist, android-version-security, android-14-15-security-changes, android-15-security-guide, android-16-security-guide, androidx-security-migration, secure-storage-migration | 4 | dynamic-analysis-setup, native-code-analysis, native-analysis, rasp-bypass, rasp-bypass-workflow, packing-unpacking, packer-modern-unpacking, react-native-hermes-analysis, frida-version-matching-guide, android-keystore2-testing, biometric-testing-comprehensive, frida-advanced-patterns, android-anti-frida-countermeasures |
| 2 | dependency-analysis, supply-chain-security | 5 | cvss-scoring-guide, cvss-calculator, reporting-templates, finding-template-cards, masvs-scoring-model, risk-score-model, osint-apk-recon, audit-modes, frida-scripts-index, cheat-sheet-commands, cheat-sheet-frida-scripts |
| Mod | apk-modification-guide, modern-android-coverage | FW | react-native-security, react-native-new-arch, flutter-security, flutter-blutter-analysis, jetpack-compose-security-deep-dive, fuzzing-guide, passkey-fido2-security, mobsf-integration |
| CI | automation-scripts, ci-cd-integration | AI | ai-pentesting-guide, ai-prompts/java-security-analyzer, ai-prompts/native-binary-analyzer, ai-prompts/exploit-generator, ai-prompts/report-enhancer |
| Plat | scripts/04-android-15-16/android15-apis.js, scripts/04-android-15-16/passkey-test.js, scripts/04-android-15-16/privacy-sandbox-test.sh | Ker | android-binder-cve-2023-20938 |
| All | mastg-quick-reference, mastg-best-practices, mastg-privacy-testing, quick-commands, quick-start-guide, workflow-diagram, cross-platform-testing-setup, play-integrity-api-testing, burp-mobsf-integration-guide | | |
Scripts:
scripts/01-cross-platform/ — Framework-specific analysis (Cordova, Flutter, React Native, Unity)scripts/02-rasp/ — Runtime Defense Analysis (RDA)scripts/03-static-analysis/ — semgrep scan + merge-findingsscripts/04-android-15-16/ — Android 15/16 specific APIsscripts/05-scoring/ — MASVS v2 compliance scoringscripts/06-setup/ — preflight-check + validationscripts/07-tools/ — Core tools (frida-exploit-helper, generate-report, correlate-findings, mobsf-api-scan, burp-findings-export, rop-helper)auto-audit-static.sh — Main orchestratoraudit-android-components.sh — Component audit
Exploitation: exploitation-guide, heap-exploitation, exploitation-decisions, android-binder-cve-2023-20938
RASP bypass: scripts/02-rasp/rasp-bypass-runner.sh uses scripts/02-rasp/bypass-profiles.json to compose reusable Frida bypass stacks. See references/rasp-bypass-workflow.md.
Assets: Frida scripts in assets/frida-scripts/ (see references/frida-scripts-index.md); full file inventory is in references/project-manifest.md
Loading Strategy: Load reference files only when encountering the specific technical challenge they cover. Do NOT load all references at once.
Platform-Specific Notes
See references/environment-setup.md for detailed Windows (PowerShell), macOS, and Linux setup. On macOS, use rg (ripgrep) instead of grep -P — BSD grep does not support PCRE.
Known Implementation Gaps (as of remediation pass, April 2026)
The following gaps were identified and partially mitigated during a full code + claims audit:
- Semgrep integration (Phase 2.5): Previously completely non-functional (no
--json flag was passed). Now fixed in semgrep-scan.py.
- Preflight in agent contexts: Interactive safety/scope prompts would hang or fail under
--json / non-TTY. Now auto-skips with clear notes when run by agents/CI.
- Frida bypass coverage claims: Several "STABLE" / "30+ implementations" statements (especially
ssl-pinning-bypass.js) were overstated vs. actual code. Script headers and key docs have been qualified; the script itself is now honest about scope.
- Shell error handling: Multiple blanket
&>/dev/null and unquoted loops existed (especially in audit-android-components.sh). Critical decode path now uses run_logged helper with real log capture + timeouts. More work remains on other heavy-tool calls.
- DRY / shared library:
scripts/lib/ (findings schema, normalizers, MASVS helpers) was mostly dead code due to import hacks. Partial wiring started; full centralization of the 5–6 duplicated load_findings implementations is still pending.
- Committed artifacts: Many
__pycache__/ and *.pyc files were present. .gitignore has been expanded.
These are tracked in the remediation plan for this change. Always run the preflight + validators before trusting a full audit in a new environment.
The skill prioritizes honest, reproducible results over impressive-sounding claims. When in doubt, mark "Needs Dynamic Confirmation" and surface coverage gaps explicitly.
