swift

# Swift ## Overview Swift programming patterns including protocols, generics, async/await, and SwiftUI. --- ## Swift Fundamentals ### Structs and Classes ```swift import Foundation // Struct (value type, preferred for most cases) struct User: Identifiable, Codable { let id: UUID var email: String var name: String var createdAt: Date // Memberwise initializer provided automatically // Custom initializer init(email: String, name: String) { self.id = UUID() self.email = email self.name = name self.createdAt = Date() } // Computed property var displayName: String { "\(name) <\(email)>" } // Mutating method (for structs) mutating func updateEmail(_ newEmail: String) { email = newEmail } } // Class (reference type) class UserManager { static let shared = UserManager() // Singleton private var users: [UUID: User] = [:] private init() {} func add(_ user: User) { users[user.id] = user } func find(id: UUID) -> User? { users[id] } } // Actor (thread-safe reference type) actor UserStore { private var users: [UUID: User] = [:] func add(_ user: User) { users[user.id] = user } func find(id: UUID) -> User? { users[id] } func count() -> Int { users.count } } ``` ### Enums and Pattern Matching ```swift // Enum with associated values enum Result<Success, Failure: Error> { case success(Success) case failure(Failure) var isSuccess: Bool { if case .success = self { return true } return false } func map<NewSuccess>(_ transform: (Success) -> NewSuccess) -> Result<NewSuccess, Failure> { switch self { case .success(let value): return .success(transform(value)) case .failure(let error): return .failure(error) } } } // Enum with raw values enum Status: String, Codable, CaseIterable { case pending = "pending" case active = "active" case inactive = "inactive" var displayName: String { switch self { case .pending: return "Pending Review" case .active: return "Active" case .inactive: return "Inactive" } } } // Pattern matching func process(_ result: Result<User, Error>) { switch result { case .success(let user) where user.email.contains("@admin"): print("Admin user: \(user.name)") case .success(let user): print("Regular user: \(user.name)") case .failure(let error): print("Error: \(error.localizedDescription)") } } // If-case pattern if case .success(let user) = result { print(user.name) } // Guard-case pattern func handleSuccess(_ result: Result<User, Error>) -> User? { guard case .success(let user) = result else { return nil } return user } ``` ### Optionals ```swift // Optional declaration var name: String? = nil var age: Int? = 25 // Optional binding if let name = name { print("Name: \(name)") } // Multiple bindings if let name = name, let age = age, age > 18 { print("\(name) is \(age) years old") } // Guard let (early exit) func processUser(_ user: User?) -> String { guard let user = user else { return "No user" } return user.displayName } // Nil coalescing let displayName = name ?? "Anonymous" // Optional chaining let uppercased = name?.uppercased() // Map and flatMap let nameLength = name.map { $0.count } let parsed: Int? = "42".flatMap { Int($0) } // Implicitly unwrapped (use sparingly) var apiKey: String! ``` --- ## Protocols and Generics ### Protocols ```swift // Protocol definition protocol Repository { associatedtype Entity: Identifiable func find(id: Entity.ID) async throws -> Entity? func findAll() async throws -> [Entity] func save(_ entity: Entity) async throws func delete(id: Entity.ID) async throws } // Protocol with default implementation extension Repository { func findAll() async throws -> [Entity] { // Default implementation [] } } // Protocol composition protocol Named { var name: String { get } } protocol Aged { var age: Int { get } } typealias Person = Named & Aged func greet(_ person: some Person) { print("Hello, \(person.name)!") } // Protocol with Self requirement protocol Copyable { func copy() -> Self } // Conforming to protocols struct UserRepository: Repository { typealias Entity = User func find(id: UUID) async throws -> User? { // Implementation nil } func save(_ entity: User) async throws { // Implementation } func delete(id: UUID) async throws { // Implementation } } ``` ### Generics ```swift // Generic function func swap<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) { let temp = a a = b b = temp } // Generic type struct Stack<Element> { private var items: [Element] = [] mutating func push(_ item: Element) { items.append(item) } mutating func pop() -> Element? { items.popLast() } var top: Element? { items.last } var isEmpty: Bool { items.isEmpty } } // Generic constraints func findIndex<T: Equatable>(of value: T, in array: [T]) -> Int? { for (index, item) in array.enumerated() { if item == value { return index } } return nil } // Where clause func allItemsMatch<C1: Container, C2: Container>( _ c1: C1, _ c2: C2 ) -> Bool where C1.Item == C2.Item, C1.Item: Equatable { guard c1.count == c2.count else { return false } for i in 0..<c1.count { if c1[i] != c2[i] { return false } } return true } // Opaque types (some) func makeCollection() -> some Collection { [1, 2, 3] } // Primary associated types (Swift 5.7+) func process<C: Collection<String>>(_ collection: C) { for item in collection { print(item) } } ``` --- ## Async/Await (Swift 5.5+) ```swift // Async function func fetchUser(id: String) async throws -> User { let url = URL(string: "https://api.example.com/users/\(id)")! let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url) return try JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data) } // Concurrent execution func fetchAllUsers(ids: [String]) async throws -> [User] { try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: User.self) { group in for id in ids { group.addTask { try await fetchUser(id: id) } } var users: [User] = [] for try await user in group { users.append(user) } return users } } // Async sequences struct NumberSequence: AsyncSequence { typealias Element = Int let start: Int let end: Int struct AsyncIterator: AsyncIteratorProtocol { var current: Int let end: Int mutating func next() async -> Int? { guard current <= end else { return nil } defer { current += 1 } try? await Task.sleep(nanoseconds: 100_000_000) return current } } func makeAsyncIterator() -> AsyncIterator { AsyncIterator(current: start, end: end) } } // Using async for-in func processNumbers() async { for await number in NumberSequence(start: 1, end: 10) { print(number) } } // Task groups func processItems(_ items: [Item]) async throws -> [Result] { try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Result.self) { group in for item in items { group.addTask { try await process(item) } } return try await group.reduce(into: []) { $0.append($1) } } } // Actors for thread-safe state actor Counter { private var value = 0 func increment() { value += 1 } func get() -> Int { value } } // @MainActor for UI updates @MainActor class ViewModel: ObservableObject { @Published var users: [User] = [] func loadUsers() async { do { let fetched = try await fetchAllUsers(ids: ["1", "2", "3"]) users = fetched } catch { print(error) } } } ``` --- ## SwiftUI Patterns ```swift import SwiftUI // View composition struct UserListView: View { @StateObject private var viewModel = UserListViewModel() var body: some View { NavigationStack { List(viewModel.users) { user in NavigationLink(value: user) { UserRow(user: user) } } .navigationTitle("Users") .navigationDestination(for: User.self) { user in UserDetailView(user: user) } .refreshable { await viewModel.refresh() } .task { await viewModel.loadUsers() } } } } struct UserRow: View { let user: User var body: some View { HStack { AsyncImage(url: user.avatarURL) { image in image .resizable() .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fill) } placeholder: { ProgressView() } .frame(width: 44, height: 44) .clipShape(Circle()) VStack(alignment: .leading) { Text(user.name) .font(.headline) Text(user.email) .font(.subheadline) .foregroundColor(.secondary) } } } } // View model with Combine @MainActor class UserListViewModel: ObservableObject { @Published var users: [User] = [] @Published var isLoading = false @Published var error: Error? private let userService: UserService init(userService: UserService = .shared) { self.userService = userService } func loadUsers() async { isLoading = true defer { isLoading = false } do { users = try await userService.fetchUsers() } catch { self.error = error } } func refresh() async { await loadUsers() } } // Custom view modifier struct CardModifier: ViewModifier { func body(content: Content) -> some View { content .padding() .background(Color(.systemBackground)) .cornerRadius(12) .shadow(radius: 4) } } extension View { func card() -> some View { modifier(CardModifier()) } } // Environment values private struct UserServiceKey: EnvironmentKey { static let defaultValue = UserService.shared } extension EnvironmentValues { var userService: UserService { get { self[UserServiceKey.self] } set { self[UserServiceKey.self] = newValue } } } ``` --- ## Error Handling ```swift // Define errors enum NetworkError: Error, LocalizedError { case invalidURL case noData case decodingFailed(Error) case serverError(statusCode: Int) var errorDescription: String? { switch self { case .invalidURL: return "Invalid URL" case .noData: return "No data received" case .decodingFailed(let error): return "Decoding failed: \(error.localizedDescription)" case .serverError(let code): return "Server error: \(code)" } } } // Throwing functions func fetchData(from urlString: String) async throws -> Data { guard let url = URL(string: urlString) else { throw NetworkError.invalidURL } let (data, response) = try await URLSession.shared.data(from: url) guard let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse else { throw NetworkError.noData } guard (200...299).contains(httpResponse.statusCode) else { throw NetworkError.serverError(statusCode: httpResponse.statusCode) } return data } // Result type func fetchUser(id: String) async -> Result<User, NetworkError> { do { let data = try await fetchData(from: "https://api.example.com/users/\(id)") let user = try JSONDecoder().decode(User.self, from: data) return .success(user) } catch let error as NetworkError { return .failure(error) } catch { return .failure(.decodingFailed(error))