low-power-embedded

name	low-power-embedded
description	Low-power embedded skill for sleep modes and energy optimization. Use when configuring MCU sleep/stop/standby, peripheral clock gating, wake-up sources, or measuring firmware current draw. Activates on queries about WFI, STOP mode, STM32 PWR, nRF sleep, wake-up EXTI, or reducing embedded power consumption.

Low-Power Embedded

Purpose

Guide agents through MCU low-power modes: sleep vs deep sleep (stop/standby), peripheral and bus clock gating, wake-up source configuration, and practical current measurement — with Cortex-M WFI/WFE and vendor PWR examples (STM32-focused patterns apply broadly).

When to Use

• Battery-powered firmware missing power budget
• Wake-up latency vs consumption tradeoffs
• Debugging "device won't wake" or "current still mA in sleep"
• Before shipping RTOS idle hook or bare-metal main loop sleep
• Cross-linking with skills/baremetal/interrupts-and-exceptions-baremetal

Workflow

1. Power mode hierarchy (STM32-style)

Mode	CPU	Peripherals	RAM	Wake source	Relative current
Run	on	on	on	—	highest
Sleep	off	on	on	any IRQ	medium
Stop	off	most off	on	EXTI, RTC, UART	low
Standby	off	off	lost*	WKUP pins, RTC	lowest

* Standby clears most SRAM; use backup domain or external EEPROM for state.

2. Enter Sleep (WFI)

/* Cortex-M — sleep until interrupt */
__disable_irq();
/* configure wake source (e.g. EXTI, RTC alarm) */
__enable_irq();
__WFI(); /* or __WFE() for event-based wake */

Ensure pending interrupts are cleared before WFI or wake may be immediate.

3. STM32 Stop mode pattern

#include "stm32f4xx.h"

void enter_stop_mode(void)
{
    /* Gate clocks you do not need */
    RCC->AHB1ENR &= ~RCC_AHB1ENR_GPIOAEN; /* example — only if safe */

    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_CWUF;   /* clear wake flags */
    PWR->CR |= PWR_CR_PDDS;   /* deep sleep = Stop */
    SCB->SCR |= SCB_SCR_SLEEPDEEP_Msk;

    __WFI();

    /* After wake: re-enable HSE/PLL — clocks lost in Stop on many parts */
    SystemInit();
}

After Stop, re-init clocks and peripherals that lost their registers.

4. Clock gating checklist

Before sleep
├── Disable unused peripheral clocks (RCC xENR)
├── Disable ADC/DAC continuous modes
├── Stop DMA channels
├── Enter peripheral low-power (UART mute, SPI off)
└── Configure lowest viable regulator scale (Voltage Scale 2/3)

5. Wake-up sources

Source	Config
EXTI GPIO	SYSCFG + EXTI IMR, edge trigger
RTC alarm	RTC WUT/WAKEUP
UART	Start bit detection (some MCUs)
IWDG	Not a wake source — resets device

6. Measurement tips

• Use ammeter in series with VDDA/VDD; short sampling window for uA
• DWT cycle counter for wake latency benchmarking
• Compare run vs sleep current with same clock tree documented

7. RTOS note

FreeRTOS configUSE_TICKLESS_IDLE maps to WFI/Stop — coordinate with skills/embedded/freertos.

8. Agent usage

/low-power-embedded Configure STM32 Stop mode with EXTI0 wake and PLL restore

Common Problems

Symptom	Cause	Fix
Still mA in "sleep"	Debug interface active (SWD)	Disconnect debugger; disable DBGMCU
Immediate wake from WFI	Pending NVIC IRQ	Clear flags before WFI
Lost state after wake	Entered Standby not Stop	Use Stop if RAM must persist
UART dead after wake	Clock tree not restored	Call SystemInit() path
Higher than datasheet uA	Floating GPIO	Set unused pins analog or pull

Related Skills

• skills/baremetal/interrupts-and-exceptions-baremetal — EXTI wake IRQs
• skills/baremetal/gpio-baremetal — pin mode for leakage control
• skills/baremetal/stm32-baremetal — RCC and PWR registers
• skills/baremetal/timers-pwm-baremetal — stop timers before sleep
• skills/embedded/freertos — tickless idle integration