python-patterns

Pythonic idioms, PEP 8 standards, type hints, and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Python applications.

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Repositório: paxlabs-inc/matrix-core
Última atividade na origem: 5 de junho de 2026 às 14:53
Idioma detectado do SKILL.md: inglês
Estrelas: 62
Forks: 12

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# Good: Explicit configuration
import logging

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Bad: Hidden side effects
import some_module
some_module.setup()  # What does this do?

# Good: EAFP style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
    try:
        return dictionary[key]
    except KeyError:
        return default_value

# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
    if key in dictionary:
        return dictionary[key]
    else:
        return default_value

from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any

def process_user(
    user_id: str,
    data: Dict[str, Any],
    active: bool = True
) -> Optional[User]:
    """Process a user and return the updated User or None."""
    if not active:
        return None
    return User(user_id, data)

# Python 3.9+ - Use built-in types
def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

# Python 3.8 and earlier - Use typing module
from typing import List, Dict

def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

from typing import TypeVar, Union

# Type alias for complex types
JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]

def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
    return json.loads(data)

# Generic types
T = TypeVar('T')

def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
    """Return the first item or None if list is empty."""
    return items[0] if items else None

from typing import Protocol

class Renderable(Protocol):
    def render(self) -> str:
        """Render the object to a string."""

def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
    """Render all items that implement the Renderable protocol."""
    return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)

# Good: Catch specific exceptions
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except FileNotFoundError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e

# Bad: Bare except
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except:
        return None  # Silent failure!

def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
    try:
        parsed = json.loads(data)
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        # Chain exceptions to preserve the traceback
        raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse data: {data}") from e

class AppError(Exception):
    """Base exception for all application errors."""
    pass

class ValidationError(AppError):
    """Raised when input validation fails."""
    pass

class NotFoundError(AppError):
    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
    pass

# Usage
def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
    user = db.find_user(user_id)
    if not user:
        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
    return user

# Good: Using context managers
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    with open(path, 'r') as f:
        return f.read()

# Bad: Manual resource management
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    f = open(path, 'r')
    try:
        return f.read()
    finally:
        f.close()

from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def timer(name: str):
    """Context manager to time a block of code."""
    start = time.perf_counter()
    yield
    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")

# Usage
with timer("data processing"):
    process_large_dataset()

class DatabaseTransaction:
    def __init__(self, connection):
        self.connection = connection

    def __enter__(self):
        self.connection.begin_transaction()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        if exc_type is None:
            self.connection.commit()
        else:
            self.connection.rollback()
        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions

# Usage
with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
    user = conn.create_user(user_data)
    conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)

# Good: List comprehension for simple transformations
names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]

# Bad: Manual loop
names = []
for user in users:
    if user.is_active:
        names.append(user.name)

# Complex comprehensions should be expanded
# Bad: Too complex
result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0 if x % 2 == 0]

# Good: Use a generator function
def filter_and_transform(items: Iterable[int]) -> list[int]:
    result = []
    for x in items:
        if x > 0 and x % 2 == 0:
            result.append(x * 2)
    return result

# Good: Generator for lazy evaluation
total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))

# Bad: Creates large intermediate list
total = sum([x * x for x in range(1_000_000)])

def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
    """Read a large file line by line."""
    with open(path) as f:
        for line in f:
            yield line.strip()

# Usage
for line in read_large_file("huge.txt"):
    process(line)

from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import datetime

@dataclass
class User:
    """User entity with automatic __init__, __repr__, and __eq__."""
    id: str
    name: str
    email: str
    created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
    is_active: bool = True

# Usage
user = User(
    id="123",
    name="Alice",
    email="alice@example.com"
)

@dataclass
class User:
    email: str
    age: int

    def __post_init__(self):
        # Validate email format
        if "@" not in self.email:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid email: {self.email}")
        # Validate age range
        if self.age < 0 or self.age > 150:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid age: {self.age}")

from typing import NamedTuple

class Point(NamedTuple):
    """Immutable 2D point."""
    x: float
    y: float

    def distance(self, other: 'Point') -> float:
        return ((self.x - other.x) ** 2 + (self.y - other.y) ** 2) ** 0.5

# Usage
p1 = Point(0, 0)
p2 = Point(3, 4)
print(p1.distance(p2))  # 5.0

import functools
import time

def timer(func: Callable) -> Callable:
    """Decorator to time function execution."""
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.perf_counter()
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
        print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
        return result
    return wrapper

@timer
def slow_function():
    time.sleep(1)

# slow_function() prints: slow_function took 1.0012s

def repeat(times: int):
    """Decorator to repeat a function multiple times."""
    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            results = []
            for _ in range(times):
                results.append(func(*args, **kwargs))
            return results
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@repeat(times=3)
def greet(name: str) -> str:
    return f"Hello, {name}!"

# greet("Alice") returns ["Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!"]

class CountCalls:
    """Decorator that counts how many times a function is called."""
    def __init__(self, func: Callable):
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
        self.func = func
        self.count = 0

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.count += 1
        print(f"{self.func.__name__} has been called {self.count} times")
        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)

@CountCalls
def process():
    pass

# Each call to process() prints the call count

import concurrent.futures
import threading

def fetch_url(url: str) -> str:
    """Fetch a URL (I/O-bound operation)."""
    import urllib.request
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
        return response.read().decode()

def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently using threads."""
    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
        future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
        results = {}
        for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
            url = future_to_url[future]
            try:
                results[url] = future.result()
            except Exception as e:
                results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
    return results

def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:
    """CPU-intensive computation."""
    return sum(x ** 2 for x in data)

def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[int]:
    """Process multiple datasets using multiple processes."""
    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
        results = list(executor.map(process_data, datasets))
    return results

import asyncio

async def fetch_async(url: str) -> str:
    """Fetch a URL asynchronously."""
    import aiohttp
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url) as response:
            return await response.text()

async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently."""
    tasks = [fetch_async(url) for url in urls]
    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
    return dict(zip(urls, results))

myproject/
├── src/
│   └── mypackage/
│       ├── __init__.py
│       ├── main.py
│       ├── api/
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   └── routes.py
│       ├── models/
│       │   ├── __init__.py
│       │   └── user.py
│       └── utils/
│           ├── __init__.py
│           └── helpers.py
├── tests/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── conftest.py
│   ├── test_api.py
│   └── test_models.py
├── pyproject.toml
├── README.md
└── .gitignore

# Good: Import order - stdlib, third-party, local
import os
import sys
from pathlib import Path

import requests
from fastapi import FastAPI

from mypackage.models import User
from mypackage.utils import format_name

# Good: Use isort for automatic import sorting
# pip install isort

# mypackage/__init__.py
"""mypackage - A sample Python package."""

__version__ = "1.0.0"

# Export main classes/functions at package level
from mypackage.models import User, Post
from mypackage.utils import format_name

__all__ = ["User", "Post", "format_name"]

# Bad: Regular class uses __dict__ (more memory)
class Point:
    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

# Good: __slots__ reduces memory usage
class Point:
    __slots__ = ['x', 'y']

    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

# Bad: Returns full list in memory
def read_lines(path: str) -> list[str]:
    with open(path) as f:
        return [line.strip() for line in f]

# Good: Yields lines one at a time
def read_lines(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
    with open(path) as f:
        for line in f:
            yield line.strip()

# Bad: O(n²) due to string immutability
result = ""
for item in items:
    result += str(item)

# Good: O(n) using join
result = "".join(str(item) for item in items)

# Good: Using StringIO for building
from io import StringIO

buffer = StringIO()
for item in items:
    buffer.write(str(item))
result = buffer.getvalue()

# Code formatting
black .
isort .

# Linting
ruff check .
pylint mypackage/

# Type checking
mypy .

# Testing
pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html

# Security scanning
bandit -r .

# Dependency management
pip-audit
safety check

[project]
name = "mypackage"
version = "1.0.0"
requires-python = ">=3.9"
dependencies = [
    "requests>=2.31.0",
    "pydantic>=2.0.0",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
    "pytest>=7.4.0",
    "pytest-cov>=4.1.0",
    "black>=23.0.0",
    "ruff>=0.1.0",
    "mypy>=1.5.0",
]

[tool.black]
line-length = 88
target-version = ['py39']

[tool.ruff]
line-length = 88
select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W"]

[tool.mypy]
python_version = "3.9"
warn_return_any = true
warn_unused_configs = true
disallow_untyped_defs = true

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
addopts = "--cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing"

Idiom	Description
EAFP	Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission
Context managers	Use `with` for resource management
List comprehensions	For simple transformations
Generators	For lazy evaluation and large datasets
Type hints	Annotate function signatures
Dataclasses	For data containers with auto-generated methods
`__slots__`	For memory optimization
f-strings	For string formatting (Python 3.6+)
`pathlib.Path`	For path operations (Python 3.4+)
`enumerate`	For index-element pairs in loops

# Bad: Mutable default arguments
def append_to(item, items=[]):
    items.append(item)
    return items

# Good: Use None and create new list
def append_to(item, items=None):
    if items is None:
        items = []
    items.append(item)
    return items

# Bad: Checking type with type()
if type(obj) == list:
    process(obj)

# Good: Use isinstance
if isinstance(obj, list):
    process(obj)

# Bad: Comparing to None with ==
if value == None:
    process()

# Good: Use is
if value is None:
    process()

# Bad: from module import *
from os.path import *

# Good: Explicit imports
from os.path import join, exists

# Bad: Bare except
try:
    risky_operation()
except:
    pass

# Good: Specific exception
try:
    risky_operation()
except SpecificError as e:
    logger.error(f"Operation failed: {e}")

name	python-patterns
description	Pythonic idioms, PEP 8 standards, type hints, and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Python applications.
origin	ECC

python-patterns

Informações da origem

Opções de instalação

Revise os arquivos de origem

Mais deste repositório

Mais deste repositório

Python Development Patterns

When to Activate

Core Principles

1. Readability Counts

Python Development Patterns

When to Activate

Core Principles

1. Readability Counts

2. Explicit is Better Than Implicit

3. EAFP - Easier to Ask Forgiveness Than Permission

Type Hints

Basic Type Annotations

Modern Type Hints (Python 3.9+)

Type Aliases and TypeVar

Protocol-Based Duck Typing

Error Handling Patterns

Specific Exception Handling

Exception Chaining

Custom Exception Hierarchy

Context Managers

Resource Management

Custom Context Managers

Context Manager Classes

Comprehensions and Generators

List Comprehensions

Generator Expressions

Generator Functions

Data Classes and Named Tuples

Data Classes

Data Classes with Validation

Named Tuples

Decorators

Function Decorators

Parameterized Decorators

Class-Based Decorators

Concurrency Patterns

Threading for I/O-Bound Tasks

Multiprocessing for CPU-Bound Tasks

Async/Await for Concurrent I/O

Package Organization

Standard Project Layout

Import Conventions

init.py for Package Exports

Memory and Performance

Using slots for Memory Efficiency

Generator for Large Data

Avoid String Concatenation in Loops

Python Tooling Integration

Essential Commands

pyproject.toml Configuration

Quick Reference: Python Idioms

Anti-Patterns to Avoid