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Load when: integrating the testsuite into another repo's CI (e.g. <image-org>/dakota), debugging e2e workflow failures, or understanding how the QEMU boot pipeline works.
When to Use
Changing .github/workflows/e2e.yml inputs, matrix behavior, job timeouts, or artifact handling
Adding or troubleshooting GitHub Actions caching for the root podman image store
When NOT to Use
Writing or debugging behave steps inside tests/** — use behave.md, gnome.md, or bootc.md
Changing Argo/KubeVirt lab infrastructure — that belongs in <image-org>/testing-lab
Updating repo-wide contribution policy — use contributing.md, human-gates.md, or skill-drift.md
Core Process
Confirm the change belongs in the reusable workflow and not in a consumer repo or infra repo.
Preserve hard CI rules: SHA-pin external actions, keep workflow_call semantics stable, and respect human gates for interface changes.
For OCI pull performance work, cache the root podman store (/var/lib/containers/storage) because e2e.yml pulls with sudo podman.
Validate the workflow file parses, then run the repo's required local checks before committing.
Write back any non-obvious workflow pattern discovered during the change in this skill file.
Heredocs in YAML run blocks
Keep heredoc delimiters at the YAML literal block's minimum indentation.
YAML removes that common indentation before Bash runs, so the delimiter reaches
column zero in the rendered script. Moving a delimiter to column zero in the
YAML source terminates the block early and prevents GitHub Actions from
scheduling any jobs.
ISO validation boundary
ISO validation is intentionally separate from this OCI/GNOME workflow. Use .github/workflows/iso-validation.yml for a published ISO URL; it checks out projectbluefin/iso at the caller-provided immutable iso_ref, installs QEMU/xorriso tooling, runs the ISO repository's tests/iso harness, and uploads its smoke/E2E evidence. The matching .github/workflows/iso-manual.yml exposes the same contract in the Actions UI.
The ISO workflow requires iso_url and iso_ref; variant is metadata and run_e2e defaults to true. Do not add an ISO mode to e2e.yml, copy the ISO harness into this repository, or use a floating ISO ref. ISO PR artifact validation remains owned by projectbluefin/iso; this workflow is for published URL handoffs.
What it is
<image-org>/testsuite/.github/workflows/e2e.yml is a reusable workflow_call workflow.
It boots a bootc OCI image in a KVM-accelerated QEMU VM on ubuntu-latest, starts a GNOME session (via GDM autologin), and runs behave suites via qecore-headless.
No self-hosted runners. Pure GitHub Actions.
PR validation sidecars
pr-validate.yml now includes a quarantine-age job that runs python3 scripts/check_quarantine_age.py.
The script walks git log --follow history for each @quarantine scenario and fails once the tag ages past the configured threshold.
Because the check needs full history, the checkout step for that job must use fetch-depth: 0.
Rollouts should start with --grace-days in CI (currently --grace-days 30) so the threshold can harden without instantly blocking every PR.
e2e.yml reuses the same script for job-summary reporting via python3 scripts/check_quarantine_age.py --json.
That summary path is informational only, but it still needs the same prerequisites: the workflow checkout must include scripts/check_quarantine_age.py, the tests/ tree, and full git history (fetch-depth: 0) or the age calculations will be incomplete.
unit-tests.yml must install every scripts/ runtime dependency
Anything under tests/unit/ that imports a module from scripts/ or
tests/shared/ inherits that module's dependencies at collection time, not
at assertion time. Under pytest -n auto a missing import does not produce a
skip — the xdist worker dies with INTERNALERROR and the entire run is lost.
Known collection-time dependencies of the unit-test job:
When you add a unit test that imports a new script, extend the
Install test dependencies step in .github/workflows/unit-tests.yml in the
same PR. Never wrap the import in try: ... except ImportError: pytest.skip(...)
— that converts a real dependency gap into a silent pass and the test stops
protecting anything.
Job-summary scenario counts come from scripts/e2e_summary.py
Never derive passed by subtraction. passed = total - failed - skipped is wrong
on two counts:
results.jsonelements include background entries alongside scenario
entries, so len(elements) overstates the scenario total.
behave also emits undefined and untested statuses. Subtraction silently
folds both into passed, reporting unimplemented steps as successes.
count_scenarios() filters to element["type"] == "scenario" and counts each of
passed, failed, skipped, undefined, untested explicitly. Because it is
consumed by the inline python3 heredoc in the job-summary step,
scripts/e2e_summary.py must be listed in the non-cone sparse-checkout block
or the import fails at runtime.
Unknown statuses land in other — never drop a scenario
behave 1.3.3's Scenario.compute_status() can also return error (any
errored step) and hook_error (a failed before_scenario/after_scenario
hook). Filtering to a hardcoded status allowlist made those scenarios vanish
from both the breakdown and the total, so a report of five scenarios could
report Total: 3.
count_scenarios() therefore counts every scenario element exactly once:
known statuses under their own key, and anything else — error, hook_error,
a missing status key, or any future behave status — under other. The
invariant is sum(counts.values()) == number of scenario elements. Do not
"fix" a new status by adding it to SCENARIO_STATUSES unless you also want it
as its own summary column; the other bucket already guarantees nothing is
lost. scripts/assert_kde_passed.py uses the same bucketing pattern — keep the
two consistent.
Headline icon semantics: ✅ means "actually passed"
failed == 0 is not success. An undefined-only, untested-only, or errored
run has zero failures but proved nothing. summary_icon() in
scripts/e2e_summary.py is the single source of truth for the headline:
Condition
Icon
any failed scenario
❌
every counted scenario is passed or skipped
✅
anything else (undefined, untested, other)
⚠️
skipped counts as success because @quarantine/@pending/@future scenarios
are intentionally not run. The job-summary step in e2e.yml calls
summary_icon(counts) rather than inlining the comparison, so the rule is unit
tested in tests/unit/test_e2e_summary.py instead of living only in YAML.
Sparse checkout is non-cone — every script must be listed explicitly
The testsuite checkout in e2e.yml sets sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false. Per the
actions/checkout docs, cone mode (the default) forwards patterns straight to
git sparse-checkout set, which only understands directory patterns; file-level
granularity requires turning cone mode off, and in that non-cone mode every path
must be enumerated explicitly. A file that is not listed does not exist on the runner.
Note that scripts/ as a whole is not checked out — only the two named files are.
Rule: any script a job step invokes must be added to that job's sparse-checkout
list in the same change. This applies to extracting an inline heredoc into a
standalone script, adding a new guard step, or reusing an existing repo script in a
new place. Verify by reading the job's sparse-checkout block and confirming the
exact path is listed — never assume scripts/ is present because another script runs.
The silent-failure mode is what makes this dangerous: a missing script makes the step
fail with a confusing "no such file" error, or, when the step is a guard that is
allowed to soft-fail, the guard simply never runs and the problem it existed to catch
ships undetected.
The same rule applies to every other non-cone checkout in this repo, including the
projectbluefin/iso harness checkout in .github/workflows/iso-validation.yml.
Pipeline stages
Resolve matrix — splits suites CSV into a JSON array for the strategy matrix; smoke becomes smoke-a,smoke-b and common becomes common-a,common-b
Checkout testsuite — non-cone sparse checkout of the explicitly listed paths (flatpak-app-list.txt, tests, scripts/check_quarantine_age.py, scripts/install-kde-webdriver.sh) from inputs.test_repository at inputs.test_ref; test_repository defaults to <image-org>/testsuite, while manual.yml passes github.repository so fork branches can validate themselves; always fetch-depth: 0
Resolve suite shard — Python step computes SUITE_DIR (physical directory), FEATURE_ARGS (specific .feature files for shards), and SCREENSHOT_SUITE (normalized suite name for GHCR tags)
Restore/prime Flatpak download cache — Bluefin GUI suites only; caches a runner-side user Flatpak repo keyed on flatpak-app-list.txt hash
Free disk space — runs <readonly-upstream>/remove-unwanted-software@v9; keeps the 40 GiB disk.raw allocation viable on GitHub-hosted runners
Enable KVM — udev rule for /dev/kvm access
Install QEMU + pull OCI image — parallel: apt-get install qemu-system-x86 while sudo podman pull <image> and sudo podman pull ghcr.io/<image-org>/testsuite:runner run concurrently in background
Generate SSH keypair — creates ed25519 keypair at /tmp/vm_key; public key stored in VM_PUBKEY env var
Install OCI image and configure disk — combined step that:
fallocate -l 40G disk.raw; this follows the August 4 NVIDIA release gate, where a 32 GiB disk was 92% used (8% free). The same payload on 40 GiB leaves about 26% free, above the 15% smoke safety floor.
bootc install to-disk --via-loopback disk.raw --filesystem ext4 (with --bootloader systemd flag when bootc ≥0.1.13; older images skip the flag)
Mounts the raw disk, finds ROOT_UUID (partition 3), ostree deployment hash, and KVER
Creates boot.N symlinks needed by ostree-system-generator (including canonical boot.N alias for versioned boot.N.M dirs produced by newer bootc)
Sets KERNEL_ARGS env (includes root=UUID=..., masked services, serial console, selinux=0)
Iterates all deployment directories and writes: bluefin-test user (UID 1001), GDM autologin, sshd drop-in 00-ci-auth.conf, dconf local.d/00-ci-testing override, tmpfiles.d/ci-user.conf, masked service symlinks
Pre-installs unsafe-mode@bluefin-test gnome-shell extension files into var home (pre-boot, so gnome-shell finds it during _loadExtensions())
Injects SSH authorized key into /var/home/bluefin-test/.ssh/ and each deployment's /etc/ssh/ci-authorized-keys
Boot VM — qemu-system-x86_64 with KVM, 4 GB RAM, 4 vCPUs, virtio-gpu-pci, forwarded SSH on port 2222; daemonized; QEMU monitor socket at /tmp/qemu-monitor.sock (chmod 666)
Wait for SSH — polls port 2222 up to 15 minutes (900 s)
Pre-stage target image via bootc switch — lifecycle suite only, when inputs.target-image is set; SSHes into VM and runs sudo bootc switch '<target-image>' to stage the upgrade target before the test run
Dump VM serial log — always runs (if: always()); primary debug tool when SSH never comes up
Wait for GNOME session — polls /run/user/1001/wayland-0 up to 3 minutes
Capture boot time — SSHes in, runs systemd-analyze time, appends result to $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
Install cached Flatpaks in VM — Bluefin GUI suites (non-common/non-lifecycle) only; SCPs a tarred runner-side Flatpak repo into the VM and deploys missing apps with sudo flatpak install --system --sideload-repo=..., falling back to Flathub if cache is incomplete
Install shell tools for common suite — common suite only; installs zsh, fish, and brew CLI tools (fzf, bat, eza, fd, ripgrep, starship) via brew (if available) or rpm-ostree --apply-live / dnf fallback; brew-setup.service is masked in CI (KERNEL_ARGS) so these are installed manually. (Note: Unmasking brew-setup.service for dedicated developer/bctl testing is a design-gated CI interface change tracked in #487.)
Load runner container into VM — non-common suites; ensures bluefin-test has /etc/subuid//etc/subgid, runs podman system migrate, pipes ghcr.io/<image-org>/testsuite:runner via podman save | ssh podman load; patches openssh-clients into the runner image if missing
Install Python test stack — non-common suites; loads uinput kernel module, sets device permissions, copies SSH private key into VM for @plain_ssh scenarios, queries GNOME session environment into /tmp/session.env, enables unsafe-mode@bluefin-test extension, sets toolkit-accessibility true, disables idle locking for the disposable test user, re-queries AT-SPI bus address after enabling accessibility, terminates any pre-started gnome-control-center
Install gnome-ponytail-daemon — non-common suites; builds gnome-ponytail-daemon (tag 0.0.11) and grim from source inside a debian:bookworm container on the runner (without libei, uses Mutter D-Bus fallback for input events; wayland-protocols 1.37 built from source for grim); SCPs binaries into ~/.local/libexec/ and ~/.local/bin/; registers D-Bus service file and pre-starts the daemon
Run behave suite — common/lifecycle/installer: runner-side python3 tests/shared/behave_retry.py with VM_IP/VM_USER/SSH_KEY/SSH_PORT env vars (this fixed list is the whole environment those suites get — a scenario gated on any other variable can never run; see installer-suite.md); GUI suites: SCP tests/<suite> + tests/shared + tests/__init__.py to VM, then podman run ... ghcr.io/<image-org>/testsuite:runner "python3 .../behave_retry.py ... --format json.pretty" inside VM; always --tags ~quarantine; retries controlled by BEHAVE_RETRIES=2
Capture post-upgrade desktop screenshot — lifecycle suite only; SSHes with ControlMaster=no, waits up to 60 s for Wayland socket, captures via gdbus org.gnome.Shell.Eval
Capture post-migration screenshot and status — lifecycle suite only; QEMU framebuffer capture via qemu_screendump.py + SSH for bootc status, fastfetch, os-release into results/migration-status.txt
Capture Flatpak screenshots — when inputs.screenshot_flatpaks != ''; runs screenshot_cli.py inside the runner container
Capture desktop screenshot (QEMU screendump fallback) — non-common suites; if no screenshot_*fastfetch*.png found in results/, captures QEMU VGA framebuffer via /tmp/qemu-monitor.sock
Promote desktop screenshot — finds best screenshot (screenshot-post-migration.png > upgrade > fastfetch); for non-common/non-lifecycle suites, fails loud if no screenshot found
Push desktop screenshot to GHCR — pushes :<short-sha>, :<SCREENSHOT_SUITE>-latest, and :<image-slug>-<SCREENSHOT_SUITE>-latest tags; also pushes per-Flatpak gallery tags
Write job summary — parses results.json via count_scenarios() from scripts/e2e_summary.py, writes pass/fail table + failed scenarios; includes quarantine age summary from scripts/check_quarantine_age.py --json; includes screenshot pull commands and gh-pages URL
Prepare artifact metadata — writes results/artifact-metadata.json; computes artifact_suffix by sanitizing the full image reference (not just image name — the full ghcr.io/org/image:tag string is sanitized)
Upload results artifact — e2e-results-<artifact-suffix>-<suite> (30 days); includes results.json, results.txt, artifact-metadata.json, and any screenshots
Upload serial log artifact — vm-serial-log-<artifact-suffix>-<suite> (3 days)
Fail job if tests failed — exits with behave's return code
Smoke-suite correctness rule: commands launched with plain subprocess.run() execute in the qecore runner container, not necessarily against the VM host state. In tests/smoke/features/steps/system_health_steps.py, host-facing probes (systemctl, journalctl, df, getent hosts, etc.) must use the VM helper (_run_host()). Using _run() for those checks only tests the runner container and can miss VM regressions.
Image requirements
The OCI image under test must:
Be a bootc/ostree image (bootc install to-disk compatible)
Include GNOME + GDM
Have python3 available in the deployment
gnome-ponytail-daemon is built at runtime — the workflow compiles it from source in a debian:bookworm container on the runner and SCPs the binary into the VM. The image does NOT need to ship gnome-ponytail-daemon. (See step 20 above.)
The workflow injects the test user, SSH keys, autologin config, and the unsafe-mode gnome-shell extension at disk-prep time — nothing needs to be baked into the image for those.
e2e-metadata.json — {"image":…,"suite":…,"conclusion":…} for downstream promotion jobs
1 day
<artifact-suffix> is derived by sanitizing the full image reference (e.g. ghcr.io/<image-org>/bluefin:testing → ghcr.io-projectbluefin-bluefin-testing), not just the image name.
The serial log is always uploaded (even on failure) — it's the primary debug tool when the VM doesn't boot or SSH never comes up.
Known limitations
bootupd may fail (not in bootc images by default), but a non-zero bootc install to-disk exit is only acceptable if the ostree deployment directory is populated. The workflow now logs the full install output, records the exit code, and hard-fails if the deployment directory is empty.
No display output: virtio-gpu with -display none. Tests must use AT-SPI (dogtail/qecore), not pixel-based assertions.
No GPU acceleration for GL/Vulkan in GHA runners. Hardware-specific tests require SSH-mode suites not yet in the GHA action (epics #43/#44).
Partition layout assumes p3 is the root partition. Tested against standard Anaconda/bootc partition tables. Non-standard layouts may break the disk-configure step.
Common Rationalizations
Rationalization
Reality
"Bash requires the delimiter at column zero in the YAML file."
YAML strips the literal block's minimum indentation before Bash sees it. Column zero in YAML ends the block and makes the workflow invalid.
"A YAML parser passing is enough."
Also parse the rendered affected run blocks with bash -n; YAML indentation can change the shell script.
Red Flags
A cache step targets ~/.local/share/containers or another non-root path even though pulls use sudo podman
A heredoc delimiter appears at column zero in YAML source
workflow_call checkout logic starts using github.ref_name inside e2e.yml
A fork-only manual run passes test_ref without also selecting the fork through test_repository
External actions are added with floating tags instead of full SHAs
A workflow step invokes a repo script that is not listed in that job's sparse-checkout block (cone mode is off — unlisted paths do not exist at runtime)
A sparse-checkout entry names a bare directory while sparse-checkout-cone-mode: false is set and file-level paths are expected
A workflow change lands without updating this skill file with the discovered rule or workaround
continue-on-error set on a job that uses uses: — this is a parse-time error (see below)
Verification
.github/workflows/e2e.yml parses with yaml.safe_load
Each rendered run block with a heredoc passes bash -n
Every external uses: line in e2e.yml is SHA-pinned with a version comment
KDE setup steps use startsWith(steps.shard.outputs.suite_dir, 'kde') and do not fire for GNOME suites
Every script referenced by a job step appears in that job's sparse-checkout list
Any new workflow-specific workaround or convention discovered in the session is captured here
zstd:chunked migration toggle
The @zstd_chunked tag gates the final-state migration scenario. It is skipped (not failed) when disabled.
Workflow input
Effect
chunked_enabled: false (default)
@zstd_chunked scenarios skip
chunked_enabled: true
@zstd_chunked scenarios run
Enable once ghcr.io/<image-org>/bluefin:latest ships tar+zstd OCI layers. Verify:
This bypasses the fragile GDM session security, polkit rules, and GNOME 50 gdbus session-bus permission barriers entirely.
Key constraints implemented for reliability:
Wait with Settle Sleep: The workflow SSHes into the VM using ControlMaster=no (since a reboot occurred mid-lifecycle) to wait up to 60s for /run/user/1001/wayland-0. Once active, it sleeps for an additional 5 seconds to allow GDM/GNOME Shell to finish painting the desktop before the screenshot is taken.
Root-to-Runner Permission Handling: Because QEMU runs as root, the monitor socket writes files owned by root. The workflow executes sudo chown runner:runner and sudo chmod 644 on the output PNG to guarantee the ORAS push and artifact upload steps can read the file without permission errors.
Saved to results/screenshot_lifecycle_upgrade_final.png and promoted to the desktop-screenshot artifact.
Gating :testing behind a post-build smoke check
Every consuming repo has a local run-testsuite.yml wrapper that pins the testsuite SHA. Always call the wrapper — never call <image-org>/testsuite/.github/workflows/e2e.yml directly. Renovate manages the SHA in one place; all callers inherit it automatically.
publish_stream_tag: "false" — the gate input
<image-org>/actions/.github/workflows/reusable-build.yml has a publish_stream_tag input (default "true"). When set to "false", the build pushes only the SHA-tagged image (:$sha) and withholds the stream tag (:testing, :stable). The post-build smoke workflow promotes the stream tag only after smoke passes.
Set it conditionally in the consuming repo's build workflow:
This keeps :lts publishing directly (via execute-release.yml) and gates :testing for all push events.
Post-build promote pattern (4 jobs)
The canonical post-build gate follows bluefin's post-testing-e2e.yml:
get-image — download image-digest-testing-<brand>-main-x86_64 artifact from build run
└── e2e-smoke — run-testsuite.yml, suites: smoke,common
└── promote-to-testing — skopeo copy :sha → :testing for all digest entries
└── report-failure — open/update GitHub issue; :testing not promoted
Digest artifact name pattern: image-digest-{stream_name}-{brand_name}-{image_flavor}-{architecture}
Digest file format (two lines per image): IMAGE_NAME=sha256:... (= format) and IMAGE_NAME|platform|sha256:... (| format).
Use the = format to extract the digest; use --pattern "image-digest-testing-*" to download all flavors at promote time.
e2e.yml also supports KDE/Plasma suites (kde-smoke; kde-apps, kde-settings,
kde-session reserved for future PRs). KDE wiring is strictly additive and gated
with startsWith(steps.shard.outputs.suite_dir, 'kde') so it never runs for GNOME
suites.
Key differences from GNOME suites:
Runner image split: KDE uses ghcr.io/projectbluefin/testsuite-kde-runner
(host-side W3C WebDriver/Selenium orchestration) instead of the GNOME/qecore runner that
is loaded into the VM.
Per-DUT install:selenium-webdriver-at-spi + inputsynth are installed on
the device-under-test by scripts/install-kde-webdriver.sh, keyed to the DUT's
distro and Plasma version. Distro packages are preferred; a pinned source build is
the fallback.
Version-skew skip: If the DUT's Plasma version or distro is unsupported, the
suite is skipped with a clear message instead of producing phantom failures.
Installer safety contract:scripts/install-kde-webdriver.sh is guarded by
tests/unit/test_install_kde_webdriver.py, which executes the installer in
a sandbox (fake PATH tools, throwaway HOME, BASH_ENV override of
/etc/os-release sourcing) and asserts observed behaviour: the ref handed to
git fetch/git checkout equals the pinned SELENIUM_AT_SPI_SHA, the emitted
kde-webdriver.serviceExecStart carries no bind-address override and no
[Service]Environment= names a non-loopback host, and each
KDE_WEBDRIVER_SKIP=... branch actually short-circuits before any install.
Do not replace these with text assertions on the script source — a grep for a
security comment or a count of skip blocks passes against a broken script.
An earlier text-based version of this file stayed green when --host 0.0.0.0
was added to ExecStart and when the checkout ref was changed to master.
Session setup: SDDM autologin and a KDE determinism environment drop-in are
written at disk-prep time.
passed > 0 backstop: the step Assert KDE suite has passing scenarios
(if: startsWith(env.SUITE_DIR, 'kde') && steps.run.outputs.behave_rc == '0')
runs python3 scripts/assert_kde_passed.py results/results.json. The script
counts status == 'passed' scenarios positively (backgrounds and other
non-scenario elements are ignored) and exits 1 with an ::error:: annotation
when passed <= 0, when results.json is missing, or when it cannot be
parsed. Never re-derive passed as total - failed - skipped: that scores
undefined/untested as passing and reproduces the exact false green the
guard exists to prevent. Behaviour is locked in by
tests/unit/test_assert_kde_passed.py. The script must stay listed in the
Checkout testsuite sparse-checkout block or it will not exist at runtime.
Important:testsuite-kde-runner is published by
.github/workflows/build-kde-runner.yml (added in #640, merged).
Dashboard seeding — initial population
If the https://projectbluefin.github.io/testsuite/ dashboard shows "No JSONL results found" or no screenshots, the GHCR slug tags don't exist yet. Trigger manual e2e runs to populate them:
# Trigger smoke runs for each image (each takes ~2h)
gh workflow run "Manual Test Run" --repo <image-org>/testsuite --ref main \
-f image=ghcr.io/<image-org>/bluefin:testing -f suites=smoke
gh workflow run "Manual Test Run" --repo <image-org>/testsuite --ref main \
-f image=ghcr.io/<image-org>/bluefin-lts:testing -f suites=smoke
gh workflow run "Manual Test Run" --repo <image-org>/testsuite --ref main \
-f image=ghcr.io/<image-org>/dakota:testing -f suites=smoke
# After runs complete, trigger publish immediately (instead of waiting 2h schedule):
gh workflow run publish-to-pages.yml --repo <image-org>/testsuite
Prerequisites: GHCR cross-repo package write access must be granted first (see above).
