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Baixar Zip Baixando... Ocupações relacionadas SOC
Baseado na classificação ocupacional SOC
name ir-gravity-model description Use this Skill for international relations quantitative research: gravity trade model (PPML), COW bilateral trade, RTA trade effects, and GDELT event data analysis.
tags ["political-science","international-relations","gravity-model","PPML","trade","GDELT"] version 1.0.0 authors [{"name":"awesome-rosetta-skills contributors","github":"@xjtulyc"}] license MIT platforms ["claude-code","codex","gemini-cli","cursor"] dependencies ["pandas>=1.5","statsmodels>=0.14","numpy>=1.23","matplotlib>=3.6","requests>=2.28"] last_updated 2026-03-18 status stable
International Relations — Gravity Model and GDELT Analysis
When to Use
Use this skill when you need to:
Estimate the gravity equation of trade using PPML (Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood) to handle
zero bilateral trade flows and heteroscedastic residuals
Load and process COW (Correlates of War) bilateral trade data for directed dyad-year analysis
Estimate the trade-creation effect of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) while controlling for
multilateral resistance (importer and exporter fixed effects)
Compare PPML vs. log-linear OLS and understand why OLS on log(trade) is biased with zeros
Download and analyze GDELT bilateral event data (cooperation/conflict tone between country dyads)
Integrate MID (Militarized Interstate Disputes) data for conflict-trade links
This skill assumes familiarity with fixed effects regression. For panel methods see the
comparative-politics skill; for conflict event data see the conflict-data skill.
Background
The Gravity Equation : Bilateral trade X_ij is proportional to the economic mass of the
exporter (GDP_i) and importer (GDP_j), and inversely proportional to trade costs (captured by
bilateral distance and other barriers):
X_ij = exp(a_i + a_j + β_1 log(dist_ij) + β_2 contiguity + β_3 language + β_4 RTA + ε_ij)
Exporter FE (a_i) and importer FE (a_j) control for multilateral resistance (Anderson & van
Wincoop 2003). Without these, the estimates of RTA effects are biased.
Why PPML? Santos-Silva & Tenreyro (2006) showed:
log(X_ij) is undefined when X_ij = 0 (and many dyads have zero trade)
OLS on log(X_ij) is inconsistent when errors are heteroscedastic
Poisson GLM with log link (PPML) is consistent under weak regularity conditions
PPML minimizes the Poisson deviance: Σ[X_ij - exp(Xβ)]² / Var, which for Poisson equals the
count itself. The quasi-Poisson variant relaxes the mean=variance assumption.
RTA effects : Trade creation (intra-bloc trade increases) and trade diversion (imports shift
from non-members to members). To capture both:
RTA_same = 1 if both i and j are in the same RTA
RTA_one = 1 if only one partner is in the RTA (diversion measure)
GDELT (Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone) : Machine-coded news events using CAMEO
codes. Available from 1979 (GDELT 1.0) and 2015+ (GDELT 2.0, 15-minute updates). Key variables:
Actor1CountryCode, Actor2CountryCode
EventCode (CAMEO: 01=verbal cooperation, 19=use of force)
GoldsteinScale: conflict-cooperation score (-10 to +10)
NumMentions, NumArticles (media salience) Dyadic aggregation for IR : Aggregate GDELT to monthly or annual directed dyad (i→j) events,
compute mean Goldstein scale per dyad-period, and merge with bilateral trade or MID data.
Environment Setup pip install pandas>=1.5 statsmodels>=0.14 numpy>=1.23 matplotlib>=3.6 requests>=2.28
export COW_TRADE_PATH="/data/Dyadic_COW_4.0.csv"
export GEODIST_PATH="/data/dist_cepii.dta"
export GDELT_DIR="/data/gdelt/"
Core Workflow import os
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore" )
COW_COLS = [
"ccode1" , "ccode2" , "year" ,
"flow1" ,
"flow2" ,
"smoothflow1" , "smoothflow2" ,
]
def load_cow_trade (
path: str ,
years: tuple [int , int ] | None = None ,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Load COW bilateral trade data and create a directed dyad dataset.
Parameters
----------
path : str
Path to Dyadic_COW_4.0.csv.
years : tuple, optional
Year range filter.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame with directed dyad-year rows (two rows per undirected dyad-year):
columns: importer, exporter, year, trade (millions USD).
"""
df = pd.read_csv(path, usecols=[c for c in COW_COLS if c in pd.read_csv(path, nrows=0 ).columns],
low_memory=False )
if years:
df = df[(df["year" ] >= years[0 ]) & (df["year" ] <= years[1 ])]
flow_col = "smoothflow1" if "smoothflow1" in df.columns else "flow1"
dir1 = df[["ccode1" , "ccode2" , "year" , flow_col]].copy()
dir1.columns = ["exporter" , "importer" , "year" , "trade" ]
dir2 = df[["ccode2" , "ccode1" , "year" , "smoothflow2" if "smoothflow2" in df.columns else "flow2" ]].copy()
dir2.columns = ["exporter" , "importer" , "year" , "trade" ]
directed = pd.concat([dir1, dir2], ignore_index=True )
directed["trade" ] = pd.to_numeric(directed["trade" ], errors="coerce" ).fillna(0 ).clip(lower=0 )
return directed.sort_values(["exporter" , "importer" , "year" ]).reset_index(drop=True )
def build_gravity_dataset (
trade_df: pd.DataFrame,
geodist_df: pd.DataFrame,
rta_df: pd.DataFrame | None = None ,
gdp_df: pd.DataFrame | None = None ,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Merge trade flows with bilateral controls from CEPII GeoDist.
Parameters
----------
trade_df : pd.DataFrame
Directed dyad-year trade (exporter, importer, year, trade).
geodist_df : pd.DataFrame
CEPII GeoDist (iso_o, iso_d, distw, contig, comlang_off, colony).
rta_df : pd.DataFrame, optional
RTA dataset with (iso1, iso2, year, rta_in_force).
gdp_df : pd.DataFrame, optional
GDP data (iso3, year, gdp_current_usd).
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame — merged gravity dataset ready for PPML.
"""
df = trade_df.copy()
if "iso_o" in geodist_df.columns and "iso_d" in geodist_df.columns:
geo_keep = [c for c in ["iso_o" , "iso_d" , "distw" , "dist" , "contig" ,
"comlang_off" , "colony" , "comcol" ] if c in geodist_df.columns]
df = df.merge(
geodist_df[geo_keep].rename(columns={"iso_o" : "exporter" , "iso_d" : "importer" }),
on=["exporter" , "importer" ],
how="left" ,
)
if gdp_df is not None :
for partner, side in [("exporter" , "exp" ), ("importer" , "imp" )]:
df = df.merge(
gdp_df.rename(columns={"iso3" : partner, "gdp" : f"gdp_{side} " }),
on=[partner, "year" ],
how="left" ,
)
if rta_df is not None :
df = df.merge(rta_df, on=["exporter" , "importer" , "year" ], how="left" )
df["rta" ] = df.get("rta_in_force" , 0 ).fillna(0 )
if "distw" in df.columns:
df["log_dist" ] = np.log(df["distw" ].replace(0 , np.nan))
if "gdp_exp" in df.columns:
df["log_gdp_exp" ] = np.log(df["gdp_exp" ].clip(lower=1 ))
if "gdp_imp" in df.columns:
df["log_gdp_imp" ] = np.log(df["gdp_imp" ].clip(lower=1 ))
return df
def ppml_gravity (
df: pd.DataFrame,
outcome: str = "trade" ,
continuous_vars: list [str ] | None = None ,
dummy_vars: list [str ] | None = None ,
exporter_fe: bool = True ,
importer_fe: bool = True ,
year_fe: bool = True ,
exporter_col: str = "exporter" ,
importer_col: str = "importer" ,
year_col: str = "year" ,
) -> object :
"""
Estimate a PPML gravity model via Poisson GLM.
Parameters
----------
df : pd.DataFrame
outcome : str
Trade flow variable (can be zero).
continuous_vars : list of str
Continuous log-scale bilateral variables (e.g., log_dist).
dummy_vars : list of str
Binary bilateral controls (contig, comlang_off, colony, rta).
exporter_fe, importer_fe, year_fe : bool
Whether to include fixed effects via dummies.
Returns
-------
statsmodels GLMResults (Poisson family).
"""
continuous_vars = continuous_vars or ["log_dist" ]
dummy_vars = dummy_vars or []
sub = df[[outcome] + continuous_vars + dummy_vars +
[exporter_col, importer_col, year_col]].dropna().copy()
sub[outcome] = sub[outcome].clip(lower=0 )
fe_frames = []
if exporter_fe:
exp_dum = pd.get_dummies(sub[exporter_col], prefix="exp" , drop_first=True )
fe_frames.append(exp_dum.astype(float ))
if importer_fe:
imp_dum = pd.get_dummies(sub[importer_col], prefix="imp" , drop_first=True )
fe_frames.append(imp_dum.astype(float ))
if year_fe:
yr_dum = pd.get_dummies(sub[year_col], prefix="yr" , drop_first=True )
fe_frames.append(yr_dum.astype(float ))
X = sub[continuous_vars + dummy_vars].reset_index(drop=True ).astype(float )
if fe_frames:
X = pd.concat([X] + [f.reset_index(drop=True ) for f in fe_frames], axis=1 )
X = sm.add_constant(X)
y = sub[outcome].reset_index(drop=True )
model = sm.GLM(y, X, family=sm.families.Poisson())
result = model.fit(maxiter=100 )
return result
def ppml_coeff_table (result, vars_of_interest: list [str ] ) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Extract PPML coefficients with semi-elasticity interpretation.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame with coef, se, z, p, semi_elasticity (exp(coef)-1 for dummies).
"""
tbl = pd.DataFrame({
"coef" : result.params,
"se" : result.bse,
"z" : result.tvalues,
"p" : result.pvalues,
})
tbl = tbl.loc[tbl.index.isin(vars_of_interest + ["const" ])]
tbl["semi_elas" ] = np.exp(tbl["coef" ]) - 1
return tbl.round (4 )
GDELT_COLUMNS = [
"GlobalEventID" , "Day" , "MonthYear" , "Year" ,
"Actor1CountryCode" , "Actor2CountryCode" ,
"EventCode" , "EventBaseCode" , "EventRootCode" ,
"GoldsteinScale" , "NumMentions" , "NumArticles" , "NumSources" ,
"AvgTone" ,
]
def download_gdelt_csv (date_str: str , gdelt_dir: str ) -> pd.DataFrame | None :
"""
Download a single GDELT 1.0 day file from the GDELT website.
Parameters
----------
date_str : str
Date in 'YYYYMMDD' format (e.g., '20230101').
gdelt_dir : str
Local directory to cache files.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame or None if download fails.
"""
import os, requests, zipfile, io
url = f"http://data.gdeltproject.org/events/{date_str} .export.CSV.zip"
local_csv = os.path.join(gdelt_dir, f"{date_str} .csv" )
if os.path.exists(local_csv):
return pd.read_csv(local_csv, sep="\t" , header=None ,
names=GDELT_COLUMNS, usecols=range (len (GDELT_COLUMNS)),
low_memory=False )
try :
resp = requests.get(url, timeout=60 )
resp.raise_for_status()
z = zipfile.ZipFile(io.BytesIO(resp.content))
fname = z.namelist()[0 ]
with z.open (fname) as f:
df = pd.read_csv(f, sep="\t" , header=None ,
names=GDELT_COLUMNS, usecols=range (len (GDELT_COLUMNS)),
low_memory=False )
df.to_csv(local_csv, index=False )
return df
except Exception as exc:
print (f"Warning: could not download {url} : {exc} " )
return None
def gdelt_dyadic_aggregation (
df: pd.DataFrame,
country1: str ,
country2: str ,
freq: str = "M" ,
) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Aggregate GDELT events for a specific bilateral dyad by time period.
Parameters
----------
df : pd.DataFrame
GDELT event dataframe with Actor1CountryCode, Actor2CountryCode.
country1, country2 : str
ISO2 country codes.
freq : str
Aggregation frequency ('M' = monthly, 'Y' = annual).
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame with period, n_events, mean_goldstein, mean_tone.
"""
mask = (
(df["Actor1CountryCode" ] == country1) & (df["Actor2CountryCode" ] == country2)
) | (
(df["Actor1CountryCode" ] == country2) & (df["Actor2CountryCode" ] == country1)
)
sub = df[mask].copy()
sub["Day" ] = pd.to_datetime(sub["Day" ].astype(str ), format ="%Y%m%d" , errors="coerce" )
sub = sub.dropna(subset=["Day" ])
sub["period" ] = sub["Day" ].dt.to_period(freq)
sub["GoldsteinScale" ] = pd.to_numeric(sub["GoldsteinScale" ], errors="coerce" )
sub["AvgTone" ] = pd.to_numeric(sub["AvgTone" ], errors="coerce" )
agg = sub.groupby("period" ).agg(
n_events=("GlobalEventID" , "count" ),
mean_goldstein=("GoldsteinScale" , "mean" ),
mean_tone=("AvgTone" , "mean" ),
n_conflict=("GoldsteinScale" , lambda x: (x < 0 ).sum ()),
n_coop=("GoldsteinScale" , lambda x: (x > 0 ).sum ()),
).reset_index()
return agg
Advanced Usage
RTA Trade Effect and Comparison with OLS import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import statsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def compare_ppml_ols (df: pd.DataFrame, outcome: str = "trade" ,
continuous_vars: list [str ] | None = None ,
dummy_vars: list [str ] | None = None ) -> pd.DataFrame:
"""
Fit both PPML and log-OLS and compare coefficients on shared variables.
Returns
-------
pd.DataFrame comparing coefficients from PPML and OLS.
"""
continuous_vars = continuous_vars or ["log_dist" , "log_gdp_exp" , "log_gdp_imp" ]
dummy_vars = dummy_vars or ["contig" , "comlang_off" , "rta" ]
ppml_res = ppml_gravity(df, outcome=outcome,
continuous_vars=continuous_vars, dummy_vars=dummy_vars,
exporter_fe=True , importer_fe=True , year_fe=False )
sub_ols = df[df[outcome] > 0 ].copy()
sub_ols["log_trade" ] = np.log(sub_ols[outcome])
avail = [v for v in continuous_vars + dummy_vars if v in sub_ols.columns]
exp_dum = pd.get_dummies(sub_ols["exporter" ], prefix="exp" , drop_first=True ).astype(float )
imp_dum = pd.get_dummies(sub_ols["importer" ], prefix="imp" , drop_first=True ).astype(float )
X_ols = pd.concat([sub_ols[avail].reset_index(drop=True ),
exp_dum.reset_index(drop=True ),
imp_dum.reset_index(drop=True )], axis=1 )
X_ols = sm.add_constant(X_ols)
ols_res = sm.OLS(sub_ols["log_trade" ].reset_index(drop=True ), X_ols).fit(
cov_type="HC3"
)
vars_compare = ["const" ] + continuous_vars + dummy_vars
ppml_coefs = ppml_res.params.reindex(vars_compare)
ols_coefs = ols_res.params.reindex(vars_compare)
comparison = pd.DataFrame({
"PPML_coef" : ppml_coefs.round (4 ),
"OLS_coef" : ols_coefs.round (4 ),
"Difference" : (ppml_coefs - ols_coefs).round (4 ),
}).dropna(how="all" )
return comparison
Troubleshooting Problem Cause Solution PPML does not converge Many zeros or near-separation Scale trade by 1000; start from OLS solution; reduce FE dimensions RTA coefficient implausible Endogeneity (countries sign RTAs selectively) Use pair FE + year FE; control for lagged trade Log-OLS on zero-trade dyads log(0) undefined Use PPML instead; or add a small constant (introduces bias) GDELT download fails Large files; rate limits Use GDELT 2.0 API or Google BigQuery for efficient access Bilateral distance missing COW codes vs. ISO codes Map COW codes to ISO3 using the COW country code crosswalk Exporter/importer FE matrix singular Perfect collinearity Drop one category from each FE group; linearmodels handles this automatically
External Resources
Examples
Example 1: PPML Gravity Estimation + Coefficient Table import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
rng = np.random.default_rng(42 )
n_dyads = 1500
exporters = [f"C{i:02d} " for i in range (1 , 26 )]
importers = [f"C{i:02d} " for i in range (1 , 26 )]
years_g = [2015 , 2018 , 2021 ]
records = []
for yr in years_g:
for exp in exporters:
for imp in importers:
if exp == imp:
continue
dist = np.exp(rng.uniform(4 , 9 ))
contig = int (rng.random() < 0.05 )
lang = int (rng.random() < 0.15 )
rta = int (rng.random() < 0.20 )
gdp_e = np.exp(rng.uniform(22 , 30 ))
gdp_i = np.exp(rng.uniform(22 , 30 ))
log_trade = (0.8 * np.log(gdp_e) + 0.7 * np.log(gdp_i)
- 1.1 * np.log(dist) + 0.5 * contig + 0.4 * lang
+ 0.6 * rta + rng.normal(0 , 1.5 ))
trade = np.exp(log_trade) if rng.random() > 0.25 else 0
records.append({
"exporter" : exp, "importer" : imp, "year" : yr,
"trade" : trade, "log_dist" : np.log(dist),
"contig" : contig, "comlang_off" : lang, "rta" : rta,
"log_gdp_exp" : np.log(gdp_e), "log_gdp_imp" : np.log(gdp_i),
})
df_gravity = pd.DataFrame(records)
print (f"Zero-trade dyads: {(df_gravity['trade' ] == 0 ).mean():.1 %} " )
ppml_result = ppml_gravity(
df_gravity,
outcome="trade" ,
continuous_vars=["log_dist" , "log_gdp_exp" , "log_gdp_imp" ],
dummy_vars=["contig" , "comlang_off" , "rta" ],
exporter_fe=True , importer_fe=True , year_fe=True ,
)
coeff_tbl = ppml_coeff_table(
ppml_result,
["log_dist" , "log_gdp_exp" , "log_gdp_imp" , "contig" , "comlang_off" , "rta" ],
)
print ("=== PPML Gravity Estimates ===" )
print (coeff_tbl.to_string())
Example 2: RTA Effect — PPML vs. OLS Comparison import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
comparison = compare_ppml_ols(
df_gravity,
outcome="trade" ,
continuous_vars=["log_dist" , "log_gdp_exp" , "log_gdp_imp" ],
dummy_vars=["contig" , "comlang_off" , "rta" ],
)
print ("=== PPML vs OLS Coefficient Comparison ===" )
print (comparison.to_string())
vars_plot = ["log_dist" , "log_gdp_exp" , "log_gdp_imp" , "contig" , "comlang_off" , "rta" ]
comp_plot = comparison.loc[comparison.index.isin(vars_plot)].dropna()
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9 , 5 ))
x = range (len (comp_plot))
ax.bar([xi - 0.2 for xi in x], comp_plot["PPML_coef" ], width=0.35 ,
label="PPML" , color="#2166ac" , alpha=0.85 )
ax.bar([xi + 0.2 for xi in x], comp_plot["OLS_coef" ], width=0.35 ,
label="Log-OLS" , color="#d73027" , alpha=0.85 )
ax.axhline(0 , color="black" , linewidth=0.8 )
ax.set_xticks(list (x))
ax.set_xticklabels(comp_plot.index.tolist(), rotation=20 , ha="right" )
ax.set_ylabel("Coefficient" )
ax.set_title("PPML vs. Log-OLS Gravity Coefficients" )
ax.legend()
ax.grid(True , axis="y" , alpha=0.3 )
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("ppml_vs_ols.png" , dpi=150 )
plt.show()
Example 3: GDELT Bilateral Event Time Series import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
rng = np.random.default_rng(7 )
n_events = 5000
dates = pd.date_range("2015-01-01" , "2022-12-31" , periods=n_events)
cameo_goldstein = {
"01" : 3.0 , "02" : 4.0 , "03" : 5.0 , "04" : 7.0 ,
"10" : -2.0 , "13" : -5.0 , "14" : -7.0 , "19" : -10.0 ,
}
codes = rng.choice(list (cameo_goldstein.keys()), n_events)
goldstein = [cameo_goldstein[c] + rng.normal(0 , 0.5 ) for c in codes]
df_gdelt_sim = pd.DataFrame({
"GlobalEventID" : range (n_events),
"Day" : dates.strftime("%Y%m%d" ),
"Actor1CountryCode" : rng.choice(["US" , "CN" , "RU" ], n_events, p=[0.4 , 0.35 , 0.25 ]),
"Actor2CountryCode" : rng.choice(["US" , "CN" , "RU" ], n_events, p=[0.25 , 0.4 , 0.35 ]),
"EventCode" : codes,
"GoldsteinScale" : goldstein,
"AvgTone" : [g * 0.8 + rng.normal(0 , 1 ) for g in goldstein],
"NumMentions" : rng.integers(1 , 50 , n_events),
"NumArticles" : rng.integers(1 , 20 , n_events),
"NumSources" : rng.integers(1 , 10 , n_events),
})
df_gdelt_sim = df_gdelt_sim[df_gdelt_sim["Actor1CountryCode" ] != df_gdelt_sim["Actor2CountryCode" ]]
us_cn = gdelt_dyadic_aggregation(df_gdelt_sim, "US" , "CN" , freq="M" )
us_ru = gdelt_dyadic_aggregation(df_gdelt_sim, "US" , "RU" , freq="M" )
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2 , 1 , figsize=(12 , 8 ), sharex=True )
for agg_df, label, color in [(us_cn, "US-China" , "#1f77b4" ), (us_ru, "US-Russia" , "#d62728" )]:
agg_df["period_dt" ] = agg_df["period" ].dt.to_timestamp()
axes[0 ].plot(agg_df["period_dt" ], agg_df["mean_goldstein" ],
label=label, color=color, linewidth=1.5 )
axes[1 ].bar(agg_df["period_dt" ], agg_df["n_events" ],
label=label, color=color, alpha=0.5 , width=20 )
axes[0 ].axhline(0 , color="black" , linewidth=0.8 , linestyle="--" )
axes[0 ].set_ylabel("Mean Goldstein Scale" )
axes[0 ].set_title("GDELT Bilateral Event Tone: US-China vs US-Russia" )
axes[0 ].legend()
axes[0 ].grid(True , alpha=0.3 )
axes[1 ].set_ylabel("Monthly Event Count" )
axes[1 ].set_xlabel("Date" )
axes[1 ].legend()
axes[1 ].grid(True , alpha=0.3 )
plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("gdelt_bilateral_events.png" , dpi=150 )
plt.show()
