forensic-partition-analysis

name	forensic-partition-analysis
description	Use this skill whenever analyzing disk images, recovering deleted files, examining partition tables (MBR/GPT), performing file carving, or conducting digital forensics on storage media. Trigger this skill for any task involving disk forensics, file system analysis, data recovery, or metadata extraction from digital evidence.

Forensic Partition Analysis

A comprehensive skill for digital forensics involving disk partitions, file systems, and data recovery.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

• Analyze disk images or raw storage media
• Examine partition tables (MBR or GPT)
• Recover deleted files from file systems
• Perform file carving on raw data
• Extract metadata from files
• Understand file system structures (FAT, NTFS, EXT)
• Investigate storage media for forensic purposes

Core Concepts

Partition Structures

MBR (Master Boot Record)

• Located in the first sector (512 bytes) of the disk
• Contains boot code (446 bytes) + partition table (64 bytes) + signature (2 bytes: 0x55AA)
• Supports up to 4 primary partitions (only 1 can be active/bootable)
• Maximum disk size: 2.2TB
• Windows Disk Signature found at bytes 440-443

MBR Format:

Offset 0x00-0x1BD (446 bytes): Boot code
Offset 0x1BE-0x1CD (16 bytes): First partition entry
Offset 0x1CE-0x1DD (16 bytes): Second partition entry
Offset 0x1DE-0x1ED (16 bytes): Third partition entry
Offset 0x1EE-0x1FD (16 bytes): Fourth partition entry
Offset 0x1FE-0x1FF (2 bytes): Signature 0x55AA

Partition Entry Format (16 bytes each):

Byte 0: Active flag (0x80 = bootable)
Byte 1-3: CHS start (cylinder/head/sector)
Byte 4: Partition type (0x83 = Linux, 0x07 = NTFS, 0x0B = FAT32)
Byte 5-7: CHS end
Byte 8-11: Starting sector (LBA, little endian)
Byte 12-15: Sector count (little endian)

GPT (GUID Partition Table)

• Modern standard, supports disks up to 9.4ZB
• Up to 128 partitions on Windows
• Uses 64-bit addressing
• Contains redundant copies for data integrity
• Signature: "EFI PART" at LBA 1
• Protective MBR at LBA 0 for backward compatibility

GPT Header (LBA 1):

Offset 0x00 (8 bytes): Signature "EFI PART"
Offset 0x08 (4 bytes): Revision (1.0 = 0x00000100)
Offset 0x0C (4 bytes): Header size (usually 92 bytes)
Offset 0x10 (4 bytes): CRC32 of header
Offset 0x18 (8 bytes): Current LBA
Offset 0x20 (8 bytes): Backup LBA
Offset 0x28 (8 bytes): First usable LBA
Offset 0x30 (8 bytes): Last usable LBA
Offset 0x38 (16 bytes): Disk GUID
Offset 0x48 (8 bytes): Partition entries start LBA (usually 2)
Offset 0x50 (4 bytes): Number of partition entries
Offset 0x54 (4 bytes): Size of each entry (usually 128)
Offset 0x58 (4 bytes): CRC32 of partition entries

File Systems

FAT (File Allocation Table)

• FAT12: Up to 4,078 clusters, 12-bit addresses
• FAT16: Up to 65,517 clusters, 16-bit addresses
• FAT32: Up to 268,435,456 clusters, 32-bit addresses
• Maximum file size: 4GB (32-bit field limitation)
• Maintains two copies of the FAT for redundancy
• Basic unit: cluster (multiple sectors, typically 512B+)

FAT Directory Entry (32 bytes):

Bytes 0-10: Filename (8.3 format)
Byte 11: Attributes
Bytes 12-13: Creation time
Bytes 14-15: Creation date
Bytes 16-17: Last access date
Bytes 18-19: First cluster (high word)
Bytes 20-21: Modification time
Bytes 22-23: Modification date
Bytes 24-27: First cluster (low word)
Bytes 28-31: File size

NTFS (New Technology File System)

• Used by Windows XP and later
• Journaling file system
• Uses Master File Table (MFT) to track all files
• Supports file streams, permissions, encryption
• Deleted files remain in MFT until overwritten

EXT (Extended File System)

• EXT2: Non-journaling, used for boot partitions
• EXT3/4: Journaling, used for data partitions
• Common on Linux systems

Forensic Analysis Workflow

Step 1: Initial Assessment

1. Identify the disk image format (raw .dd, .img, .E01, etc.)
2. Determine partition table type (MBR or GPT)
3. Calculate partition offsets for mounting
4. Document the chain of custody

Step 2: Partition Analysis

For MBR disks:

# Examine the first sector
xxd -l 512 disk_image.dd

# Check for MBR signature (0x55AA at offset 0x1FE)
# Look for partition entries at offsets 0x1BE, 0x1CE, 0x1DE, 0x1EE

# Use fdisk to list partitions
fdisk -l disk_image.dd

# Mount a partition (calculate offset: start_sector * 512)
mount -o ro,loop,offset=$((start_sector * 512)) disk_image.dd /mnt/forensics

For GPT disks:

# Check LBA 1 for "EFI PART" signature
xxd -s 512 -l 512 disk_image.dd

# Use parted or fdisk to examine GPT
parted disk_image.dd print

# Mount using the partition offset from GPT header

Step 3: File System Analysis

For FAT file systems:

# Use fatx or similar tools
fatx -l disk_image.dd

# Examine the FAT table and directory entries

For NTFS file systems:

# Use ntfs-3g or specialized forensic tools
ntfs-3g -o ro disk_image.dd /mnt/forensics

# Examine MFT for deleted files
mftparser disk_image.dd

For EXT file systems:

# Use extundelete or debugfs
debugfs disk_image.dd

Step 4: Deleted File Recovery

Logged Deleted Files:

• Check MFT (NTFS) for deleted entries
• Examine $MFT and $LOGFILE
• Look in Volume Shadow Copies
• Review file system journals

File Carving:

• Search for file headers/footers in raw data
• Use tools like foremost, scalpel, photorec
• Note: Cannot recover fragmented files

Data Stream Carving:

• Search for specific patterns (URLs, emails, etc.)
• Useful when complete files aren't recoverable

Step 5: Metadata Extraction

Use tools like exiftool or Metadiver to extract:

• Creation/modification dates
• Author information
• GPS coordinates (images)
• Software versions
• Camera models

Common Partition Type Codes

MBR Partition Types:

• 0x01: FAT12
• 0x04: FAT16 (<32MB)
• 0x06: FAT16 (>32MB)
• 0x07: NTFS
• 0x0B: FAT32 (Chs)
• 0x0C: FAT32 (LBA)
• 0x83: Linux
• 0x8E: Linux LVM

GPT Partition Types:

• EFI System: C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
• Microsoft Basic Data: E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
• Linux Root: 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
• Linux Swap: 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F

Tools Reference

Tool	Purpose
fdisk	Partition table examination
parted	GPT/MBR partition management
xxd	Hex dump of disk sectors
exiftool	Metadata extraction
foremost	File carving
scalpel	File carving
photorec	File recovery
debugfs	EXT file system analysis
mftparser	NTFS MFT analysis
Active Disk Editor	Windows partition analysis
ArsenalImageMounter	Mount disk images on macOS

Best Practices

1. Always work on copies - Never analyze the original evidence
2. Use read-only mounts - mount -o ro to prevent modifications
3. Document everything - Record all commands and findings
4. Verify integrity - Use hash values (MD5, SHA256) to verify evidence
5. Understand limitations - File carving cannot recover fragmented files
6. Consider secure deletion - Overwritten data may still be partially recoverable

Example Analysis Commands

# Calculate partition offset for mounting
# If fdisk shows start sector 2048:
OFFSET=$((2048 * 512))  # = 1048576 bytes

# Mount the partition
mount -o ro,loop,offset=$OFFSET disk_image.dd /mnt/forensics

# Extract metadata from all files
find /mnt/forensics -type f -exec exiftool {} \;

# Carve JPEG files from raw image
foremost -t jpg -i disk_image.dd -o ./carved_output

# Search for specific strings in raw data
strings disk_image.dd | grep -i "password"

Troubleshooting

Cannot mount partition:

• Verify the offset calculation (sector * 512)
• Check if the partition type is supported
• Try mounting without loop option

File carving not finding files:

• Files may be fragmented
• Headers may be corrupted
• Try different file type signatures

GPT not detected:

• Check LBA 1 for "EFI PART" signature
• Verify protective MBR at LBA 0
• Some tools may not support GPT

References

• GPT Wikipedia
• NTFS Permissions
• OSForensics MFT Guide
• ExifTool Documentation
• Active Disk Editor